Significant Moment

I sighed and leaned back into my seat. It made a squeaky noise. I had just been given as assignment where I needed to write about a person who had made a great influence in my life. As I sat silently and listened in my seat, my mind went racing to the past, searching for ideas and digging up precious memories. It had been years since I looked back at those memories but I still remember them. By the end of class that day, I had already decided on whom to write about. I remember that momentous time in my life like it was yesterday. Two years ago on a hot Wednesday afternoon on the month of August, as I was walking home from school, I kept replaying the earlier events of the day in my mind. I was not having a good day. That day during speech class, I failed my first oral presentation. I either could not stop stuttering or talked extremely fast. I was so nervous it felt as if my gut was about to turn itself inside out. Instead of trying to finish my speech, I went back to my seat and glued my head to my desk for the rest of the day. I was utterly convinced that I just couldn’t do it. It took me about at least thirty minutes to get home. By the time I arrived, I was covered in sweat and despite my exhaustion, I was also stressing about possible ways to make up for my last failure. I tried to shake away the thought as I pushed open the front door. Instantly, I knew that my grandfather was in the kitchen. The cool air that was being dispersed by the ceiling fan was mixed the sweet, soothing aroma of my grandfather’s home-made pancakes and freshly brewed coffee. As much as I wanted some of those delicious pancakes, I wanted more to just lock myself in my room and bury my head in my pillow. I attempted to tiptoe through the living room pass the kitchen and run to my room but he greeted me with a voice so understanding that I found myself seated at the kitchen table without even thinking about it. After he had set the pancakes on the table, he pulled up a chair across me, sat down and put his eyeglasses on. For a man of his age, he always seemed younger than he really is. He wore his usual clothing, the kind he wears on hot days. His Hawaiian shirt would always have the first three buttons unbuttoned. Along with that, he had on his favorite pair of white shorts. Sometimes, I even wonder if he had been a surfer. He took a sip from his coffee mug and went back to his puzzle book. I took advantage of the silent moment to eat a few pancakes. I hated disappointing him so I decided not to tell him about speech class. After I hastily stuffed myself with eight delicious pancakes and two glasses of iced tea, I stood up slowly making an effort to leave. However, a single question came from him asking if something was wrong made me want to tell him everything not because I expected him to tell me it was ok, but because I felt guilty not telling him. His voice was also so promising that I knew that he would understand. I sat down in the chair I sat in earlier so that I faced him. After taking four deep, cleansing breaths and centered myself, I told him everything. He was a great listener. Throughout the course of my explanation, he eventually nodded and sometimes responded with â€Å"I understand. After I had told him everything, I held my breath and waited for his response. He was quiet for what seemed like a very long time. My forehead started beading up with sweat. I was afraid he might scold me for being nervous in front of a class of only fifteen students. I was also worried about what he might say about my latest â€Å"F† that I received because of my lack of confidence in myself. I was on the verge of panic when he fina lly spoke. I was surprised when he laughed. He literally laughed as if I had told him a very funny joke. Instead of getting angry or disappointed, he patted me on the shoulder and smiled at me reassuringly. He held my hand and told me that I reminded him of himself when he was young. He went through similar situations. It was almost impossible for me to believe that. How can he, the first speaker of the Federated States of Micronesia and the senior pastor of our church, who always touched the hearts of many through simple words, have the same issues as I? He told me that every time he gave a speech or a message, he was always nervous. He told me that no matter how nervous he felt or how much he believed he couldn’t do it, he would always try again. He gave it his all. He kept doing it until he overcame his lack of confidence. No matter how much he wanted to give up, he just kept pushing until he had full faith and trust in himself. Hearing this, especially from him, whom I respect the most, I promised myself that I will always be persistent in all that I do and try my best to gain self-confidence. His words motivated me and made me see that I already had the persistence and the confidence that I needed. All I needed to do was believe I could do it. Looking back to that significant moment in my life, I realized that without the encouragement given to me by my grandfather, I do not think I would be as confident and as persistent as I am today. That day he had helped me become more persistent and more confident. That moment will always be forever branded into my memories as one of the most precious ones. Even though the time we spent talking was for a small amount of time, it made a big difference in my life. I am thankful for having B****** H**** as my mentor and most importantly, as my grandfather.

Term Paper For Computer Shop

INTRODUCTIONAs the popularity of internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life. Public wants access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the internet, and access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they are not socially, economically, and politically isolated. Computer shop business is one of the most in demand businesses here in Rizal. Nowadays, internet cafes are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embraced, just like here in the Philippines.Most of students and professionals and students depend on the internet for research and projects, social networking sites and others. Some have their own laptops and bring it to coffee shops so that they could relax and at the same time prepare their assignments and paper works, and also, the number one reasons for computer shop for being in demand nowadays is the network and on-line ga mes where many people specially students were inclined. And for that, there is a stiff competition in the said business. For you to have edge over the other shops there are some key factors you need to consider; first is the stability and reliability of your connections/network and innovativeness of your shop.These studies discuss necessary things you need; standards you need to follow to attain that connection/network reliability and stability. And also these studies discuss common problems and solutions encountered by shop owners, problems that happen because of the ignorance for networking standards and malpractice in structured cabling.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMJDB Computer Shop encountered different problems on their daily operations, problems from their connections, hardware and software issues and the convenience of their customers. Listed below are the following problems that need to be resolved. 1. How will JDB Computer Shop attains reliability and stability of their network and internet connections? 2. How will the establishment resolve those connection lag that leads to disconnection? 3. How will the establishment resolve hardware and software issues? 4. How will JDB Computer Shop maximize their space without compromising the convenience of their customers?SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYInvesting in a computer shop business is a risk but analyzing and studying your business will lead you nowhere but to success, and this study will show the economical, technological and educational significance of that.ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCEInitial investment for a computer shop is very expensive; you need huge amount of capital depending on the size of your shop. Computers and software took most of the capital, followed by network infrastructure. Using the proper equipment’s, cables, network devices, computer hardware and software, and following the standards in structured cabling will give additional costs. Initially it will cost you more –compare to not fol lowing those things; but in the long run you will benefit from it; economically speaking; because following standards will never go wrong. Example; according to network standards; network infrastructure life-span is upwards of 16 years; using generic type cables, low-end computer units and software tends to break every now and then; but using proper materials and devices will save you a lot from those repairs and maintenance.EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCEThis study will be very beneficial educationally because it discuss common computer shop problems, discuss solutions to those problems and discuss specific standards regarding computer networking which will benefit those people who wants to establish this kind of business ventures. And also this study will serve as a guide for students that will conduct the same study like this.TECHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCEIn technical side of this study; the study show different approach on how to give solutions for some technical problems regarding compute r networking and structured cabling. It also features some latest technological innovation when it comes to information technology which will be significant for JDB computer shop owner and also the users.SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONSCOPEThe scope of this study is listed below:1. Structured cabling of the existing network setup. 2. Hardware and Software upgrade for workstations and server. 3. Physical arrangement of workstations.DELIMITATIONThe study does not the cover following: 1. Reconstructions of the existing location. 2. Additional Units.

Discipline in Secondary Schools

Section 1: Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study The schools and other educational institutions today are facing large problems regarding the issue on the students’ lack of self discipline resulting to under-achievements of the students in the school as well as violence within the school premises. How close are these two issues related to each other? Mostly, the age-stage of which the student enters when he attends secondary school is ranged as the puberty stage of an individual’s growth.According to psychologists, this particular stage of growth introduces an individual to several major decisions that he has to face along the way towards his maturity. Hence, confusion of priorities and aggravation of depression through the environment occurs (Coon, 1999, 88). As reports could attest to this fact, it is not that hard to understand that there is an essential need of restructuring the procedures of the school when it comes to disciplining students who are attending se condary education. This is the reason why the researcher of this paper opted to discuss the issue mentioned.The timeliness of the research would indeed help in solving the problems at present especially with regards the issues of education, discipline and student achievements. 1. 2 Significance of the Problem The problem as mentioned earlier directly affects the achievements of the students in their schools. This means that because of the lack of discipline, the students of the secondary school level face the challenges of being misaligned when it comes to their focus and at some point become highly attracted to drugs and violence.This is the fact when it comes to school procedures. The actual reports that pertain to the said issue are indeed much disturbing and further more alarming to the institutional boards. As most of the schools affected by this dilemma are public educational institutions at [79%] whilst Private schools are affected by at least [45%], it is indeed necessary to identify the reasons behind the incidents that lead to students’ lesser interest in school and a higher rate of attraction towards drugs and violence.Through the proceedings of this particular research, it is expected that the reasons behind the ongoing issue in schools would be further regulated and controlled by institutional administrations through the use of psychological and psychosocial motivation. 1. 3 Research Questions To be bale to attend to the most important issues related to this particular problem, the researcher decided to use the following questions as guidelines for the completion of this particular study: †¢ What are the primary sources of the discipline of the students?Do those sources pertain to the personal or the social connection of the students to the society? †¢ How are students reacting to the discipline that they learn from their homes and from their environment? What are the elements that are so far affecting the vision of the students t owards their achievements in school as well as towards their future? †¢ How are drugs and violence related to the effects of lack of discipline among students? These particular questions shall serve as the primary foundation of the study.These questions shall be the settling ground of the researcher in finding the right sources for the completion of this paper as well as deciding on the right method to be used to collect actual data for the validation of this study. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study To add up to the stress that this study places on the topic to be discussed in this paper, the following presentation of the purposes would primarily support the existing statements of the problem to assist in the validation of the facts that are to be presented.The purposes of this study are: †¢ TO assist the ongoing researches on school students’ discipline issues and help the institutions solve the impending results of the said problems. †¢ To make assessments on how the issues could be investigated through the use of psychological assessments and actual-report-based evaluations of the situation. †¢ To strengthen the procedures of student motivation that is already currently used in schools in the society today.The utilization of these purposes within the completion of this study certainly helps in aligning the focus of the researcher. Hence, by doing so, the researcher expects that the focus would be on the cycle of events that involve The source of discipline, the results of the influential elements of the environment to the discipline of the students and the future of the students afterwards. Section 2: Literature Review 2. 1 What Psychology Says and how Anthropology Relates Both psychology and anthropology concentrate on the behavioral study of humans.Through the use of the said studies, the reasons behind the occurring behaviors of students in secondary school could be well identified. With regards the issue on discipline and how it affec ts the students, Psychologists claim that the situation is much controlled by the upbringing of the students. The original discipline that they receive from their homes are supposed to be the basis of why they act the way they do when they are already mingling with their peers or with the society as it is. (Coon, 1999, 89)Moreover, girls of the same age are differently reacting to the discipline that they receive from their homes compared to that of the boys. Anthropological studies attest to the claims of psychology as the said field of human understanding particularly points out the instance by which the discipline received by students from their homes are directly affected by the elements of the environment when they already begin to mingle with their peers or the society. As mentioned earlier, the effects vary.To young girls, the discipline that they receive from their homes are more likely more evident in their system of dealing with others as young girls are expected to be mor e emotionally and personally attached to the their families compare to that of the boys who are at some point more affected by the elements of change that they encounter in dealing with other people especially with their peers (Coon, 1999, 90). Knowing the sources of the discipline, it is essential to evaluate the claims of both psychology and anthropology through the use of the actual reports that are further presented for better understanding of the readers. .2 What Actual Reports Say Discipline is one primary element that is highly needed in schools, however, the irony pertains to the fact that it is also the primary element that is lacking in the said system of social connection at present. According to William, of Kenya, things have changed in this regard in Africa too. He said: â€Å"Discipline among the children is on the decline. When I was growing up [he is now in his 40’s], teachers ranked among the most respected people in African society. The teacher was always s een by young and old as a role model. This respect is on the decline.Western culture is slowly influencing young ones, even in rural Africa. Movies, videos, and literature depict lack of respect for authority as something heroic. † (Awake! 1999, 25) Giuliano, who teaches in Italy, laments: â€Å"Children are affected by the spirit of rebellion, insubordination, and disobedience that permeates the whole of society. † (Awake! 1999, 29) Sad to say, drugs have also become a problem in schools—so much so that U. S. teacher and author LouAnne Johnson writes: â€Å"Drug-abuse prevention is part of nearly every school curriculum, starting in kindergarten. Italics ours. ]Children know much more about drugs . . . than most adults do. † She adds: â€Å"Students who feel lost, unloved, lonely, bored, or insecure are most likely to experiment with drugs. †(2002, 51) Amira teaches in Guanajuato State, Mexico. She admits: â€Å"We face problems of violence and dr ug addiction in the family that directly affect the children. They are immersed in an environment in which they learn foul language and other vices. Another big problem is poverty. Although schooling here is free, the parents have to buy the notebooks, pens, and other materials.But food must come first. † (Johnson, 2002, 59) In the United States, recent shooting incidents at schools have highlighted that gun-related violence is not a minor problem in that land. One report states: â€Å"It is estimated that 135,000 guns are brought to the nation’s 87,125 public schools each day. To reduce the number of guns in schools, officials are using metal detectors, surveillance cameras, specially trained dogs to sniff out guns, locker sweeps, identification tags, and a prohibition against bringing book bags to school. (Teaching in America)Such security measures make one ask, Are we talking of schools or prisons? The report adds that more than 6,000 students have been expelled for taking guns to school. (Johnson, 2002, 29) 2. 3 Impact of the Reports and the Experts’ Claims As it could be noted above, the claims of the experts with regards the behavioral disposition of students in secondary schools are directly connected with the actual results of the reports that have been presented herein.The usage of this researches and reports within this study shall indeed help the researcher find the link between the experts’ analysis of the issue and further more relating it to how and why the actual reports on lack of discipline and violence in secondary schools occur. Section 3: Methodology The researches, reports and literatures that have been pre-reviewed in section two are among the primary sources of the informations that are to be found in this paper.Aside form this; the said researches would also be the primary basis of the methodology that shall be utilized by the researcher to validate the facts that have been presented earlier. As for this matt er, the researcher opts to choose survey analysis as an effective source of information on actual evaluation of students that could support both the psychological and anthropological studies that pertain to problem being tackled. 3. 1 Instrumentation and design The questionnaire prepared by the researcher is composed of 50 items that are subdivided into three subsections.The first section which would be 15 items, pertain to the family background of the students. This section shall help the researcher measure the discipline that the students receive from their parents and how that particular discipline impacted their lives in school as they grew older until reaching secondary school level. The second section is composed of 30 questions that are focused upon the social connection of the students with their peers, their teachers and other elemental factors in the society that may affect their behaviors towards their studies and their dealings in school.The third part is composed of fiv e personal questions that asks the students how they view discipline and how they would react to certain situations in school. This section would require the students to answer in paragraphs; while the other sections are multiple choices between (first section) frequently, seldom, never and the choices yes and no for the second part. 3. 2 Respondents The questionnaires are to ask for the gender of the respondents to be able to separate the results. The respondents are expected to be in their secondary school levels and the choosing of the said respondents is random.Whereas, the result would be a collection of opinions from students who are studying in different schools, making the study more factual and general in terms of population sampling. 2. 3 Gathering and Presenting Results To present the data collected through the survey, the results of are to be divided according to the gender of the respondents. The results are then to be calculated and evaluated through averaging method a nd shall be presented in tables and charts as well as diagrams followed by the explanations and analysis of the figures presented.Through this presentation, the researcher would be able to validate the results in a more effective manner for the completion of this proposed study. 2. 4 Expected Results It is expected that through the implementation and commencement of this study, a deeper understanding of the situation within secondary school level learning, would be derived. By being able to do so, it is also expected that the implementation of the suggested solution to the problems discussed through the context of this study be further applied in educational institutions.Section 4: Conclusion To be able to end the presentation of the problem being discussed in this paper, the researcher plans to present a five-point based summary that would help the readers understand the study deeply after reading the whole context of the research. From the said summarization of the whole idea that the paper deals with, the researcher further plans to give suggestions by which the school administrators could help motivate their students into becoming better individuals who are disciplined to reach their dreams towards the future.Through this study, the researcher further aims to establish a strong conclusion that validates the claim of psychological and anthropological studies that pertain to the reason behind the behavioral disorientation among students at their secondary level of learning. By doing so, the researcher plans to make the readers realize that the importance of discipline in keeping up with the changes of the society is indeed essentially factual for the students who are still attending secondary school as this will set the grounds for them, enabling them of reaching their dreams towards a brighter future for the said young learners.

Privacy and surveillance in the Information Age Essay

Privacy and surveillance in the Information Age - Essay Example According to Nissenbaum (1998, p.4), information technology has not only affected communication, but has actually led to a need to redefine privacy. With increasing surveillance and information recording, personal privacy is taking a new direction. According to Nock (1993) the cost of surveillance is personal privacy and the American public has to trade between privacy and security. The biggest turn in information technology came at about the mid of 20th century with the invention of the electronic computer. As soon as the computer was invented, it was used by governments and large corporations for information capture, storage and analysis. Information technology did not only help in increasing the way information is captured and stored, but also in the way the same information can be analyzed as well as manipulated (Hughes, 2004, p.78). As a result, the role of the government and private corporations can in safeguarding information has increased and has also taken a new course. Information stored in computes is easier to disseminate and can be accessed from remote access points. This leads to the risk of losing this information to hackers and this can lead to private information being disseminated by unauthorized personnel. Information and communication technology has changed the way people communicate and carry out their daily social, political and economic activities. With the arrival of computers and the internet, communication has always increased, and people are today better able to communicate. Business transactions have taken a new route as private firms can now easily capture, analyze and disseminate different formats of communication and information. A good example of this is the US based international retail giant Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has been able to develop a system based in computers and wide area network that is able to capture information from all the retail stores and then sending this information to a central database where the

Degree Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Degree Rationale - Essay Example It was not until one of my dearest friends encouraged me to attend college that I found an interest in a definite career. This eventually led me to Corning Community College which I attended classes full of hope and enthusiasm. However, the stress of working full time, attending college full time, and being a mother, was so physically taxing that I was not accomplishing any of these tasks satisfactorily. Eventually, convinced that I had no other choice, I was compelled to give up my studies and devote my time to remain gainfully employed in order to take care of my son. For years, I struggled with trying to decide exactly what it was I wanted to do with my life. My past job led me to realize that I was â€Å"smart† enough and that I had potential to become whatever I wanted in life. My supervisor taught me that education will provide me with the tools and knowledge I need to understand and participate in today’s world. This is what motivated me into returning to Corning Community College. Here I found the means of fulfilling my desire for learning. Although I still was undecided of what I wanted to do, my hard work and determination paid off by uplifting my self-esteem, which I struggled with all my life. During my last semester at Corning Community College, I felt honored to be included in the Dean’s list. For me that was an academic achievement, but also a personal accomplishment. It was not until attending some of my supervisor’s meetings at work and working by her side that I found an interest in Human Resources. At that very moment, I set a goal for my future to become a human resource generalist. I want to be able to help a company staff their organization and provide employees with the best resources to guide them through their employment. A friend advised me that Empire State College not only provides flexibility, but also a way to earn my bachelor’s degree and help provide me with the tools and knowledge I need to

Strategic Management Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management - Personal Statement Example In fulfilling my career goal of establishing and managing my own chain of Korean restaurant with the hope of eventually going global in profitable foreign markets, I recognize the importance of fully understanding the process of creating a strategy and implementing that strategy in a day to day basis. In line with what has been discussed in this course, I will be following the specific process in strategic management: development of a strategic vision; setting of objectives; establishment of the strategy to achieve the objectives and vision; implementation and execution of the strategy; and monitoring of developments, evaluation of performance, and making adjustments. I also believe that strategic management is also largely dependent on the company's ability to strategically respond to the challenges and opportunities in its external environment by continuously ensuring the alignment of its resources in carrying out its strategies and ensuring the effectiveness of its chosen strategy and modifying it if situation requires. Like a business organization, I believe that individuals should also take a strategic approach in managing goals and objectives. ... jective is to equip myself with the necessary knowledge and skills academically, be able to secure a start-up position in an international restaurant chain, and move up the organizational ladder while acquiring the strengths and competencies needed in my prospective post. In order to achieve this, I will be building my capability and emphasize my unique skills in order to differentiate myself from my colleagues. This will ensure that I will be getting the entry position in the international restaurant. In order to implement this strategy, I will start as early as now to identify the skills and characteristics that employers require, acquire and develop these skills, and highlight this during the recruitment process. 2. As a CEO you are going with a start-up company who wants to eventually go public. What is your analysis for figuring out what strategy you want to choose What strategy do you finally choose and what steps will you have to take to implement You first need to choose your industry (hospitality)segment. You need to give the reader a scenario that would establish some background for your company. This can be fiction or you can take segments from a real company. A start-up business which eventually hopes to go public will need to survive daunting challenges along the way. The primary concern of this firm will be the identification of opportunities which are not currently taken advantage in the market, establishing a good name in the industry, battling with the established competitors, and the creation and execution of a growth strategy. Deriving its name from the most popular Korean food, Kimchi Restaurant commences its operation last January 2006. Being a start-up Korean chain, it sets up three stores in three key locations including Seoul, Pusan, and

Individual learning journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual learning journal - Essay Example Hassan al- Hakim (2011) has defined a basic rule for the success of image that proper integration of organizational knowledge and innovation are required for success. Management of innovations and knowledge is becoming an important concern for different companies that are engaged in to the same business; also how the innovation process can be affected by different factors in order to increase success and decrease failure of organizational process. One of the companies selected by our group for studies was Samsung Corporation. I and my two group members worked for Samsung Corp. Samsung Corp had developed a strong emphasize on knowledge management. It also made utmost possibilities to encourage knowledge and sharing of knowledge. All over the Corporation; there is a try to organize brainstorming sessions . Feedback system is developed to get customer’s opinion and all of this information is stored in data base accessed by professionals of Samsung all over the company and all ove r the world. Samsung gives a heterogeneous approach to knowledge management. ... Apple is a well known company known for the development of efficient, secured and speedy operating systems. For Apple it is believed that services provided by the company are always different from the production and manufacturing of products that a company is making. Now day’s services and production are in parallel to each other and they cannot be differentiated as when a customer selects a brand; he or she requires complete satisfaction from product and services offered by the company. App store is an application well planned by Apple to gather the information about its clients. Customers register their data on the website of Apple every time a product of apple is purchased. This application also helps the Apple to record data concerning their products; and also which product is of great interest in public. Also helps apple to have considerable feedback and future needs of the products that company needs to be focused on. This all exercise is also improving knowledge managem ent of the company. The aim of Apple was to capture and cover all the innovations that are evolving in the industry. Companies catch up with very fast which demanded a great innovation from Apple in their products. An example of such a case; Apple launched I phone 5s and it was replaced containing a new innovation; that is; finger print reorganization. Apple uses incremental innovation approach; in such a way that initial product of the company is not changed; yet it is improved and becomes more exciting for the customers. Samsung shared greater information regarding their methods of knowledge management; on the other hand Apple management was reserved while providing information regarding their methods of knowledge management. Both Samsung and Apple have great success

Financial & Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Financial & Management Accounting - Essay Example It is a way for organisations to be accountable to their stakeholders, but is also a management tool to improve the performance of the organisation. This essay focuses on understanding the role accounting, including social and ethical accounting, plays in identifying and maintaining accountability from the viewpoint of a publicly traded business organisation. Adopting social and ethical accounting has helped organisations to achieve improved results in their quest for excellence. This helps in enlightening the stakeholders about the activities of the organisation that meet the need to be accountable to the society, environment and the government. It also has shown to affect the performance on other fronts, viz. The use and extensive deployment of digital technologies and growing concerns about the social and environmental responsibilities of organisations calls for a change in the traditional view of accounting practices. In the new scenario the affect is felt in not just their functioning in economic terms, but also brings broader social, institutional and organisational effects into play. On a purely technical level, mobilisation of Information Technology (IT) influences organisational processes directly. As understanding of its potential is growing, the definition of managerial pursuits and the search for enhanced organisational performance is also changing. Inevitably, IT impacts the form, substance and provenance of internal accounting information. This influences the behaviour and actions of decision-makers. Knowledge about the influence of digital technologies on accounting thinking processes and practices is starting to emerge. Thinking on a variety of issues relating to pricing strategies, cost management and control mechanisms has already changed. However, the implications for the field are far wider. Aspects of trust, organisational power and influence, cultural shifts, and choice of strategy are altering management accounting systems, structures, thinking and practices. 3.0 Financial and Management Accounting 3.1 Financial Accounting Finance is used by governments, businesses and individuals as well as by a wide variety of organisations including schools and non-profit organisations. In general, the goals of each of them are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional setting. Financial Accounting studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organisations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time and reporting the results to all those who participate in the risk associated with the projects undertaken. Financial accounting may thus incorporate the study of money and other assets and the management and control of those assets. In contemporary organisations the finance is usually provided by a set of people or organisations completely different from those who are responsible for the management of the money and assets of these

Review chapter 9( Design Approach in Ethics & Responsible Essay

Review chapter 9( Design Approach in Ethics & Responsible Administration) from the book (The Responsible Administrator...) and chose any article and make relation - Essay Example Again the chapter advocates that ethical issues should be reflected on so that the best alternatives for the solutions can be arrived at. It does not advocate for set standards or guidelines for any ethical situation ( Cooper, 2012). Consequently, this chapter arrives at three key points, the first one being that all ethical problems have solutions, only the alternatives differs and as such the implications. Secondly, the public administrative role ought to have an appropriate approach and lastly, a well-designed approach is very significant while solving any ethical problem. In the Journal of Public Affairs Education (2011), it has been spelt out that the American constitution is the foundation for public administration theory and practice. In this constitution lies the basic code of conduct by a public administrator. Hence this is the basic approach applied while solving ethical issues. In addition, the author notes that if the utilization and misuse of administrative discretion is thoroughly evaluated then it results as being another positive relationship between the rule of law and competent public sector management methods ( Sharpe, 2011). However, the constitution should not be a limiting factor for any public administrator. There are those situations that call for individual judgment. As such, those entitle to train public administrators should enlighten the students on where the limits of the constitution lies. In essence the above points are very much in line with the three key points outlined in this chapter by Cooper. The approaches need to solve an ethical situation is very important. In fact, these approaches are imbedded in the constitution and other codes of conduct that the public administrator abides by. However, there are other factors that should be looked into apart from the constitution and these ethical codes. Such

Public Policy Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Policy Analysis - Assignment Example The strength of this framework lies in that it takes into consideration, all the actors at play, and their mutual dynamics, in a given policy situation. The shortcomings in the prevailing, stages heuristic theory, the problems with both â€Å"top-down and bottom-up approaches†, and the lacunae in the existing theories with respect to â€Å"scientific and technical information† had prompted the birth of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (Weible, Sabatier and McQueen, 122). This theory has looked at policy change as an attribute of several factors, namely, science and technology, time span, â€Å"policy subsystems†, and individual â€Å"beliefs† (Weible, Sabatier and McQueen, 122). It is the collective action of different advocacy groups that form into a temporary coalition on a specific issue (even if these groups differ among them on other issues) that is projected as a catalyst for policy change, according to this theory (Birkland, 300). Both the subsystem events and changes in the external policy environment have been viewed by this framework as to cause policy change (Weible, Sabatier and McQueen, 123-4). ... The basic notion of this theory has been that â€Å"individuals- acting alone, or within organizations- are utility-maximizing, rational individuals who are goal-oriented and use near-perfect information to weigh a range of options before adopting the optimal choice based on their calculation of costs and benefits† (Birkland, 302). This is a rule-based framework (where rules are implicit rather than binding), where policy changes are determined by â€Å"encompassing efficiency, equity, accountability, â€Å"conformance to general morality†, (†¦), and adaptability† (Birkland, 304). From this theoretical perspective, the actors who bring about policy change are acting either â€Å"as individuals or as groups functioning as a corporate actor† (Warne, 20). This theory has also envisaged a three tier process of policy creation/change, the tiers being, â€Å"operational tier (†¦) collective tier (†¦) (and) constitutional tier† (Warne, 20-21 ). My personal experiences and understanding of public policy suggest that the Advocacy Coalition Framework has succeeded in identifying the wider and specific aspects of policy making and integrating them beautifully, but it has failed to notice that all negotiations can happen only within the given legal and moral realm. On the other hand, the theory of Institutional Rational Choice has stressed the universal aspect of a policy choice. It has been successful in incorporating the coalition element of the Advocacy Coalition Framework, as one among its three tier model and has thus went beyond the Advocacy Coalition Framework to put forth a more comprehensive theoretical model. But all the same, the Institutional

Prior Learning Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prior Learning Assessment - Assignment Example I also find myself quite social, when it comes to gathering and talking to people as I can effectively communicate with them and therefore it becomes easy for me to get along with people. Reading has allowed me to develop several competencies, one of which is thinking out of the box and being creative. Although I would completely agree to this fact that everyone is creative in their own separate way but not everyone recognizes this ability. Being creative helps you to gain competitive edge over others in several ways. Whether you are a part of an organization or starting your own business, having a creative and innovative mind helps you to stand out in the competition. Based on these competencies and skills possessed by me, I went through the list of courses being offered at Thomas Edison State College. On analyzing the courses I found that courses like organizational behavior, human resource management, international management, managerial communication, change management, advance o rganizational management, small business management, project management, sales management and advertising can be quite effective for me. The reason behind choosing all these courses is because they suit my competencies and skills that I have developed in all these years. All these skills require a person who is creative and can generate new business ideas. Written Assignment 2 My areas of expertise are communication, being social and generating new ideas and therefore I think that all the management courses being offered at Thomas Edison State can be a good option for me as they are according to my area of interest and they also match my competencies. Organizational behavior, human resource management, international management, managerial communication, change management, advance organizational management, small business management, project management, sales management and advertising are all management related courses and I found them quite interesting because the objective of thes e courses points towards practical and modern study of the business world. These courses can open a door to new opportunities for me to the business world. My competencies and skills will help to support my future career in the field of management and will help me to establish myself as an effective and successful manager. Written Assignment 3 Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain is divided into six different categories. These categories are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. These different categories define help in the development of knowledge and skills of individuals. Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain is based on the mental skills. It is based on aspects such as recalling information and data. It also takes into account the interpretation of the instruction that the individual gains from its instructor and states the recognized problems in his or her own words, defining the concept learnt in the classroom in their own word s and it also helps individuals to distinguish between the concepts and facts that are being taught in the classroom. This cognitive domain also focuses on synthesis and evaluation. Synthesis can be defined as gathering different structures and pattern and then putting them together and looking at it as a whole. Evaluation is to interpret the ideas and concepts and give judgments accordingly (Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains). The students’

Fast Food Nation Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Nation Essay Fast Food Is Linked to Obesity and Other Serious Health Problems Fast Food , 2009 Seth Stern is a staff writer at The Christian Science Monitor. Despite the fact that nutritional information about fast food is readily available, many fast food chains are taking the blame for the rise in obesity and other health problems across the nation. Some lawyers are considering the possibility that fast food chains could be held accountable for the health consequences of eating their food. The chains could also be responsible for the effects of their potentially misleading advertising, especially to children. These advertising messages can lead people to overeat, which is one of the reasons behind the obesity problem. For decades, Caesar Barber ate hamburgers four or five times a week at his favorite fast-food restaurants, visits that didnt end even after his first heart attack. But his appetite for fast food didnt stop Mr. Barber, who is 5 foot 10 and weighs 272 pounds, from suing four chains last month, claiming they contributed to his health problems by serving fatty foods. Legal Matters Even the most charitable legal experts give Barber little chance of succeeding. But his suit is just the latest sign that the Big Mac may eventually rival Big Tobacco as public health enemy No. 1 in the nations courts. Lawyers who successfully challenged cigarette manufacturers have joined with nutritionists to explore whether the producers of all those supersize fries and triple cheeseburgers can be held liable for Americas bulging waistlines. Prompted by reports that the nations obesity is getting worse, lawyers as well as nutrition, marketing, and industry economics experts will come together at a conference at Northeastern University in Boston to discuss possible legal strategies. Obesity can be linked to some 300,000 deaths and $117 billion in health care costs a year. Theyre looking at whether food industry marketing—particularly messages aimed at kids—may be misleading or downright deceptive under consumer protection laws, says Richard Daynard, a Northeastern law professor and chair of its Tobacco Products Liability Project. Theyll also consider the more complex question of whether the producers of fatty foods—and even the public schools that sell them—should be held responsible for the health consequences of eating them. A Toxic Food Environment Medical professionals argue that too much unhealthy food is sold by using tempting messages that encourage overeating. People are exposed to a toxic food environment, says Kelly Brownell of Yales Center for Eating and Weight Disorders. It really is an emergency. The figures are certainly startling. Obesity can be linked to some 300,000 deaths and $117 billion in health care costs a year, a report by the Surgeon General found [in 2001]. Such numbers prompted President [George W.] Bush to launch his own war on fat this summer [in 2002], calling on all Americans to get 30 minutes of physical activity each day. But fast-food industry representatives are quick to say, Dont just blame us. Steven Anderson, president of the National Restaurant Association, a trade group, says attorneys who attempt to compare the health risk of tobacco with those of fast food are following a tortuous and twisted logic. All of these foods will fit into [the] diet of most Americans with proper moderation and balance, he says. To be sure, there are big differences between tackling food and tobacco. Any amount of tobacco consumption is dangerous but everyone has to eat, Mr. Daynard says. And few if any foods are inherently toxic. Whats more, while there were only four or five tobacco manufacturers, there are thousands of food manufacturers and restaurants serving some 320,000 different products, says Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition and food studies at New York University. People usually smoke one brand of cigarette. They eat in many restaurants and eat the same foods at home. That makes it almost impossible to prove that a persons obesity or health problems are caused by a particular food or restaurant. As a result, suits such as Barbers that attempt to pin the blame for weight-related problems on specific plaintiffs will run into difficulty in court, says Steven Sugarman, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Suits by state attorneys general to try to recover the cost of treating obese patients, a tactic thats worked with tobacco, also could prove tough. Deceptive Advertising. Thats why lawyers are focusing on more modest suits aimed at advertising and marketing techniques, says John Banzhaf III, a George Washington University law professor who helped initiate the tobacco litigation three decades ago. For example, students in one of Professor Banzhafs courses helped sue McDonalds [in 2000] for advertising its french fries as vegetarian even though the company continued to use beef fat in their preparation. The company agreed to donate $10 million to Hindu and vegetarian groups as part of a settlement. But only in the past few months has Banzhaf considered similar suits as part of a concerted strategy to sue the food industry for false or deceptive advertising as a way of fighting Americans obesity. State consumer-protection laws require sellers to disclose clearly all important facts about their products. Just as a sweater manufacturer should disclose that it may shrink in the wash, Banzhaf says fast-food companies might have an obligation to disclose that a meal has more fat than the recommended daily allowance. Such class-action suits on behalf of people deceived by advertisements could recover the amounts customers spent on the food items but not money spent on related health costs. As with tobacco, marketing aimed at kids will be a particular focus of Banzhaf and his coalition of lawyers and nutritionists. Everybody is looking at children as the vulnerable point in this, says Dr. Nestle. She says shes received loads of e-mails and calls from plaintiff lawyers interested in advice since publishing Food Politics, a book critical of the food industrys marketing and its dominant role in shaping nutritional guidelines. While they know a quarter pounder is not a health food, a lot of people would be surprised to learn it uses up a whole day of calories for women. At a meeting in Boston [August 2002], Banzhaf said attorneys talked about suing Massachusetts school districts that sell fast food in their cafeterias or stock soda in their vending machines. These suits would be based on the legal notion that schools have a higher duty of care than restaurants. Fast-food restaurant chains, for their part, say theyre not hiding whats in their food. At Burger King, for example, nutritional information is supposed to be posted in every dining room. And on its website, Wendys lists 15 categories of information about its products, including total fat and calories for everything from the whole sandwich down to the pickles. Nutritionists say that the information doesnt put the calories in a context people can understand. While they know a quarter pounder is not a health food, a lot of people would be surprised to learn it uses up a whole day of calories for women, says Margo Wootan of the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington. Banzhaf acknowledges that litigation alone wont get Americans in better shape. Hed like nutritional information on the fast-food menu boards and wrappers or even health warnings similar to the ones now required on cigarettes. Still, Banzhaf says litigation will put producers of fatty foods on notice. When we first proposed smoker suits, people laughed too. Further Readings Books Paul Campos The Diet Myth: Why Americas Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health. New York: Gotham, 2006. Autumn Libel Fats, Sugars, and Empty Calories: The Fast Food Habit. Philadelphia: Mason Crest, 2006. Gina Mallet Last Chance to Eat: The Fate of Taste in a Fast Food World. New York: Norton, 2004. J. Eric Oliver Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind Americas Obesity Epidemic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. George Ritzer McDonaldization of Society 5. Los Angeles: Pine Forge, 2008. Eric Schlosser Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York: HarperPerennial, 2005. Eric Schlosser and Charles Wilson Chew on This: Everything You Dont Want to Know About Fast Food. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Michele Simon Appetite for Profit: How the Food Industry Undermines Our Health and How to Fight Back. New York: Nation Books, 2006. Andrew F. Smith Encyclopedia of Junk and Fast Food. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006. Morgan Spurlock Dont Eat This Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 2005. Jennifer Parker Talwar Fast Food, Fast Track: Immigrants, Big Business, and the American Dream. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003. Tina Volpe The Fast Food Craze: Wreaking Havoc on Our Bodies and Our Animals. Kagel Canyon, CA: Canyon, 2005. Periodicals Frank Bruni Life in the Fast-Food Lane, New York Times, May 24, 2006. Steve Chapman Force-Fed the Facts, Reason, June 23, 2008. Temple Grandin Special Report: Maintenance of Good Animal Welfare in Beef Slaughter Plants by Use of Auditing Programs, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, February 1, 2005. Anne Kingston and Nicholas Kohler L. A. s Fast Food Drive-by: A City Councils Ban on Fast-Food Chains Is a Provocative Social Experiment, Macleans, August 25, 2008. Laura Kipnis Americas Waistline, Slate, October 28, 2005. www. slate. com.Amelia Levin Good Food Fast, Foodservice Equipment Supplies, October 1, 2006. Sarah More McCann Wanted: Inner-City Supermarkets, Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 2008. Ruth Mortimer Why Fast-Food Brands Should Not Change Their Recipe for Success, Marketing Week, August 28, 2008. Evelyn Nieves Fla. Tomato Pickers Still Reap Harvest of Shame,' Washington Post, February 28, 2005. Jennifer Ordonez Fast-Food Lovers, Unite! Newsweek, May 24, 2004. Jonathan Rosenblum Fast Food Nation Interview: Eric Schlosser on Obesity, Kids, and Fast-Food PR, PR Watch, November 17, 2006.www. prwatch. org. Gary Ruskin and Juliet Schor Junk Food Nation, Nation, August 29, 2005. William Saletan Junk-Food Jihad, Slate, April 15, 2006. www. slate. com. San Francisco Chronicle Battle of the Bulge: Fast Food Is King at Arroyo High, June 29, 2003. Morgan Spurlock The Truth About McDonalds and Children, Independent (London), May 22, 2005. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale. Source Citation Stern, Seth. Fast Food Is Linked to Obesity and Other Serious Health Problems. Fast Food. Ed. Tracy Brown Collins. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. At Issue. Rpt.from Fast-Food Restaurants Face Legal Grilling. The Christian Science Monitor. 2002. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2012. Document URL http://ic. galegroup. com. ezproxy. taftcollege. edu/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/Vi ewpointsDetailsWindow? failOverType=query=prodId=OVICwindowstate=n ormalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Viewpointslimi ter=currPage=disableHighlighting=falsesource=sortBy=dis playGroups=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId =GALE%7CEJ3010311212userGroupName=taftcoll_mainjsid=3f16b8df6b867664f0 b4be12be1db146 Gale Document Number: GALE|EJ3010311212.

The Transaction Oriented Middleware

The Transaction Oriented Middleware Middleware is a class of software technologies designed to help manage the complexity and heterogeneity inherent in distributed systems. It is defined as a layer of software above the operating system but below the application program that provides a common programming abstraction across a distributed system. In doing so, it provides a higher-level building block for programmers than Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) such as sockets that are provided by the operating system. This significantly reduces the burden on application programmers by relieving them of this kind of tedious and error-prone programming. Middleware frameworks are designed to mask some of the kinds of heterogeneity that programmers of distributed systems must deal with. They always mask heterogeneity of networks and hardware. Most middleware frameworks also mask heterogeneity of operating systems or programming languages, or both. A few such as CORBA also mask heterogeneity among vendor implementations of the same middleware standard. Finally, programming abstractions offered by middleware can provide transparency with respect to distribution in one or more of the following dimensions: location, concurrency, replication, failures, and mobility. The classical definition of an operating system is the software that makes the hardware useable. Similarly, middleware can be considered to be the software that makes a distributed system programmable. Just as a bare computer without an operating system could be programmed with great difficulty, programming a distributed system is in general much more difficult without middleware, especially when heterogeneous operation is required. Likewise, it is possible to program an application with an assembler language or even machine code, but most programmers find it far more productive to use high-level languages for this purpose, and the resulting code is of course also portable. Usage of Middleware There are various different kinds of middleware that have been developed. These vary in terms of the programming abstractions they provide and the kinds of heterogeneity they provide beyond network and hardware. Generally, middleware services provide a more functional set of application programming interfaces to allow an application to:- Locate transparently across the network, thus providing interaction with another service or application Filter data to make them friendly usable or public via anonymization process for privacy protection (for example) Be independent from network services Be reliable and always available Add complementary attributes like semantics Transaction Oriented Middleware (TOM) (or Distributed Tuples) A distributed relational database offers the abstraction of distributed tuples (i.e. particular instances of an entity), and is the most widely deployed kind of middleware today. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL) which allows programmers to manipulate sets of these tuples in an English-like language yet with intuitive semantics and rigorous mathematical foundations based on set theory and predicate calculus. Distributed relational databases also offer the abstraction of a transaction (which can also be performed using Transactional SQL or TSQL). Distributed relational database products typically offer heterogeneity across programming languages, but most do not offer much, if any, heterogeneity across vendor implementations. Transaction Processing Monitors (TPMs) are commonly used for end-to-end resource management of client queries, especially server-side process management and managing multi-database transactions. As an example consider the JINI framework (built on top of Java Spaces) which is tailored for intelligent networked devices, especially in homes. Advantages Users can access virtually any database for which they have proper access rights from anywhere in the world (as opposed to their deployment in closed environments where users access the system only via a restricted network or intranet) They address the problem of varying levels of interoperability among different database structures. They facilitate transparent access to legacy database management systems (DBMSs) or applications via a web server without regard to database-specific characteristics. Disadvantages This is the oldest form of middleware hence it lacks many features of much recent forms of middleware. Does not perform failure transparency Tight coupling between client and server Remote Procedure Calls A Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. When the software in question uses object-oriented principles, RPC is called remote invocation or remote method invocation. Remote Procedure Call Middleware (RPCM) extends the procedure call interface familiar to virtually all programmers to offer the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. RPC systems are usually synchronous, and thus offer no potential for parallelism without using multiple threads, and they typically have limited exception handling facilities. Advantages Language-level pattern of function call which is easy to understand for programmers. Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural from a programming language point-of-view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Matches replies to requests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Built in synchronization of requests and replies Distribution transparency (in the no-failure case) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hides the complexity of a distributed system Various reliability guarantees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deals with some distributed systems aspects of failure Failure Transparency is performed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May be due to network and/or server congestion or client, network and/or server failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In such situations an error maybe returned to programmer, either at once or after the RPC library has retried the operation several times. Disadvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight coupling between client and server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Client may block for a long time if server loaded hence needs a multi-threaded client à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Slow/failed clients may delay servers when replying multi-threading essential at servers Distribution Transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not possible to mask all problems RPC paradigm is not object-oriented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Invoke functions on servers as opposed to methods on objects Message Oriented Middleware Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) provides the abstraction of a message queue that can be accessed across a network. It is a generalization of the well-known operating system construct: the mailbox. It is very flexible in how it can be configured with the topology of programs that deposit and withdraw messages from a given queue. Many MOM products offer queues with persistence, replication, or real-time performance. Advantages Asynchronous interaction Client and server are only loosely coupled Messages are queued Good for application integration Support for reliable delivery service Keep queues in persistent storage Processing of messages by intermediate message server(s) May do filtering, transforming, logging, etc. Networks of message servers Natural for database integration Disadvantages 1) Poor programming abstraction (but has evolved) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rather low-level (cf. Packets) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Request/reply more difficult to achieve, but can be done 2) Message formats originally unknown to middleware à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No type checking (but JMS addresses this in its implementation) 3) Queue abstraction only gives one-to-one communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limits scalability (JMS publisher/subscriber implementation) Java Messaging Service The Java Message Service (JMS) API is a Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. JMS is a part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, and is defined by a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 914. It is a messaging standard that allows application components based on the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) to create, send, receive, and read messages. It allows the communication between different components of a distributed application to be loosely coupled, reliable, and asynchronous. Web Services A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices. The W3C definition of a web service is as a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. There are two major classes of Web services, REST-compliant Web services and arbitrary Web services. In REST-compliant web services the primary purpose is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of stateless operations. Whereas in arbitrary web services, the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. Big web services use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks. IBM MQ Series IBM WebSphere MQ (formerly known as IBM MQSeries) is a message-oriented middleware platform that is part of IBMs WebSphere suite for business integration. Messages are stored in message queues that are handled by queue managers. A queue manager is responsible for the delivery of messages through server-to-server channels to other queue managers. A message has a header and an application body that is opaque to the middleware. No type-checking of messages is done by the middleware. Several programming language bindings of the API to send and receive messages to and from queues exist, among them a JMS interface. WebSphere MQ comes with advanced messaging features, such as transactional support, clustered queue managers for load-balancing and availability, and built-in security mechanisms. Having many features of a request/reply middleware, WebSphere MQ is a powerful middleware, whose strength lies in the simple integration of legacy applications through loosely-coupled queues. Nevertheless, it cannot satisfy the more complex many-to-many communication needs of modern large-scale applications, as it lacks natural support for multi-hop routing and expressive subscriptions. Object Oriented Middleware (OOM) or Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) Object Oriented Middleware provides the abstraction of an object that is remote yet whose methods can be invoked just like those of an object in the same address space as the caller. Distributed objects make all the software engineering benefits of object-oriented techniques encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism available to the distributed application developer. Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) and supports object types as parameters, exception handling and inheritance. It also presents the concept of client and server stubs which act as proxies for servers and clients. The stubs and skeletons are created using the IDL compiler that is provided by the middleware. In addition, the OOM presentation layers need to map object references to the transport format. This is done via marshalling and unmarshalling of serialized objects. Advantages Support for object-oriented programming model Objects, methods, interfaces, encapsulation, etc. Exception handling is supported Synchronous request/reply interaction same as RPC Location Transparency system (ORB) maps object references to locations Services comprising multiple servers are easier to build with OOM RPC programming is in terms of server-interface (operation) RPC system looks up server address in a location service Disdvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction only and therefore ad to implement Asynchronous Method Invocation (AMI) in the technologies. However this led to tight coupling. Distributed garbage collection is available which will automatically release the memory held by unused remote objects OOM is rather static and heavy-weight. This is bad for ubiquitous systems and embedded devices Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) CORBA is a standard for distributed object computing. It is part of the Object Management Architecture (OMA), developed by the Object Management Group (OMG), and is the broadest distributed object middleware available in terms of scope. It encompasses not only CORBAs distributed object abstraction but also other elements of the OMA which address general purpose and vertical market components helpful for distributed application developers. CORBA offers heterogeneity across programming language and vendor implementations. Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) DCOM is a distributed object technology from Microsoft that evolved from its Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM). DCOMs distributed object abstraction is augmented by other Microsoft technologies, including Microsoft Transaction Server and Active Directory. DCOM provides heterogeneity across language but not across operating system or tool vendor. COM+ is the next-generation DCOM that greatly simplifies the programming of DCOM. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is a facility provided by Java which is similar to the distributed object abstraction of CORBA and DCOM. RMI provides heterogeneity across operating system and Java vendor, but not across language. However, supporting only Java allows closer integration with some of its features, which can ease programming and provide greater functionality. The RMI compiler generates stubs and skeletons for the coded Client and Server programs. The server class usually inherits from a pre-coded Unicast Remote server object and a security manager is installed. This class is then registered using the RIM Naming service. Any client can look-up a remote server object on the registry; provided its name is known. Reflective Middleware Reflective middleware is simply a middleware system that provides inspection and adaptation of its behavior through an appropriate causally connected self-representation (CCSR). It is a type of flexible object oriented middleware for mobile and context-awareness applications. Its adaptation to context is through the monitoring and substitution of components. It also provides interfaces for reflection and customizability. Objects can inspect the middleware behavior and it allows for dynamic reconfiguration depending on the behavior. Advantages It is more adaptable to its environment and better able to cope with change Useful in hostile and/ or dynamic environments More suited for multimedia, group communication, real-time and embedded environments, handheld devices and mobile computing environments Event Driven Middleware This is new underlying communication paradigm for building large-scale distributed systems on top of a middleware. Event-based communication is a viable new alternative for the above mentioned middleware types and it uses events as the basic communication mechanism. First, event subscribers, i.e. clients, express their interest in receiving certain events in the form of an event subscription. Then event publishers, i.e. servers, publish events which will be delivered to all interested subscribers. As a result, this model naturally supports a decoupled, many-to-many communication style between publishers and subscribers. A subscriber is usually indifferent to which particular publisher supplies the event that it is interested in. Similarly, a publisher does not need to know about the set of subscribers that will receive a published event. Advantages Asynchronous communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers and subscribers are loosely coupled Many-to-many interaction between pubs. and subs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalable scheme for large-scale systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers do not need to know subscribers, and vice-versa à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic join and leave of pubs, subs, (brokers see lecture DS-8) Topic and Content-based pub/sub very expressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Filtered information delivered only to interested parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficient content-based routing through a broker network Hermes This is a scalable, event-based middleware architecture that facilitates the building of large-scale distributed systems. Hermes has a distributed implementation that adheres to the design models developed in the previous chapter. It is based on an implementation of a peer-to-peer routing layer to create a self-managed overlay network of event brokers for routing events. Its content-based routing algorithm is highly scalable because it does not require global state to be established at all event brokers. Hermes is also resilient against failure through the automatic adaptation of the overlay broker network and the routing state at event brokers. An emphasis is put on the middleware aspects of Hermes so that its typed events support a tight integration with an application programming language. Two versions of Hermes exist that share most of the codebase: an implementation in a large-scale, distributed systems simulator, and a full implementation with communication between distributed event brokers. Advantages Logical Network of Self-Organizing Event Brokers (P2P) Scalable Design and Routing Algorithms Expressive Content-Based Filtering Clean Layered Design Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) was created in the early 90s to address the emerging need for asynchronous communication in multimedia and sensor-rich applications. It introduced the publish-register-notify paradigm for building distributed applications. This design paradigm allows the simple extension of synchronous request/reply middleware, such as CORBA, with asynchronous publish/subscribe communication. Middleware clients that become event sources (publishers) or event sinks (subscribers) are standard middleware objects. First, an event source has to advertise (publish) the events that it produces; for example, in a name service. In addition to regular methods in its synchronous interface, an event source has a special register method so that event sinks can subscribe (register ) to events produced by this source. Finally, the event source performs an asynchronous callback to the event sinks notify method (notify) according to a previous subscription. Note that event filtering happens at the event sources, thus reducing communication overhead. The drawback of this is that the implementation of an event source becomes more complex since it has to handle event filtering. Despite the low latency, direct communication between event sources and sinks causes a tight coupling between clients. To address this, the CEA includes event mediators, which can decouple event sources from sinks by implementing both the source and sink interfaces, acting as a buffer between them. Chaining of event mediators is supported but general content-based routing, as done by other distributed publish/subscribe systems, is not part of the architecture.

Martin Luther King Jr History Essay

Martin Luther King Jr History Essay In the 1800s slavery in America was very normal, nobody looked in on. The slaves often came from Africa where they were picked up by boat and were brought to America. They were in America on the slave market to people sold into slavery, which they then had to work. The slaves had no rights and nothing to say. This went on for years like this. More and more people used their minds and there were also whites disagreed. There were people in revolt in 1860 and caused a civil war to liberate the slaves. Before the end of the civil war in 1863 President Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery. The black still had many problems in life. As they were much poorer than whites and were less and other rights they had were for example in some places not come. The black were seen as inferior. Also, they were often threatened or attacked by whites. Usually they were a member of whites than whites club called Ku Klux Klan, that society was against black people. Black was wrong according to their species / breed, so they were often threatened and discriminated against by the whites. Some examples of these measures against black: The training was for black people often less than the programs of the white people. She also had a different school than the white man, who was usually a worse school, which had a lower level. Many public places were forbidden for black people as I have mentioned such as cinemas, parks, etc. Even at the oddest places and you saw a difference against the black, for example, the toilets were of black and whites were separated so much bad for black than of whites. Also, the stores where no black people were allowed, they were such as to another shop for clothes when they had money for. This went on for years like this until finally there was a man who stood for the rights of people and especially the black Martin Luther King (Jr.). 2. Who is Martin Luther King (Jr.)? Martin Luther King (Jr.) was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia) in the United States of America. His parents were both learned men. His mother was Alberta Christine Williams and his father was named Martin Luther King. His father was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church, there met his wife know. He was also a civil rights activist. The King family was a good and wealthy black family from Atlanta. The father of Martin Luther King could not racism against the black bear. He taught his children than that racism was bad and that everyone was equal. This anti-racist education was critical of Martin Luther King Jr..s Further life. Martin was at a younger age preoccupied with religion and found it very interesting. He wanted to become a pastor himself, but really wanted more he wanted people to think. On July 18, 1953 married Martin Luther King (Jr.) with Coretta Scott she is a musician and she was also someone who advocated equal rights and follower of the work of her husband. Together they had children too Yolanda Denise (1955), Martin Luther III (1957), Dexter Scott (1961) and Bernice Albertine (1963). In 1955 after he had finished his studies, he became minister in Montgomery, Alabama city. This is one of the southern states where the difference between black and white was well made. Scott Correta his wife had really not looking to go back to the southern states, because she was sick of it. She grew up with apartheid and hatred of the negro. But ÂÂ  Martin Luther King (Jr.) considered it his duty to the south to work hard. He wanted to make sure the black people a better future. His stay in Montgomery led him straight into the everyday problems of black people, he was also only 26year. In 1960 he returned to Atlanta, where it came from. In October 1960 he was arrested in a sandwich shop, but not because of his actions, but for a trivial traffic violation. He was imprisoned. This case has received attention across the country eventually did Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy free. He also had a few awards such as Nobel Peace Prize (1964), received by Pope Paul VI in Rome, man of the year by Time Magazine (1963), statue in New York, National Day in USA (Martin Luther King day) and many honorary degrees worldwide. 3. Position and the followers of Martin Luther King Criticism (Jr.). Martin Luther King (Jr.) fought for the civil rights of the people. He was sure that every person was equal and the same rights, meaning that while blacks and whites who wanted equal. He also had a great example that was Mhatma Gandhi from India who was also against violence was. The Indians came in opposition to the British under the leadership of Gandhi, because India was formerly a colony of England. The Indians had to work hard and really made use of the English. Gandhi was right that they fought against it, but wanted it without violence, nonviolent resistance So, like King did. King has worked on include the abolition of apartheid in the bus (bus boycott) and in public places. Through the good speeches and sermons of Martin Luther King (Jr.) wanted a lot of people both black and whites to campaign they were hopeful of him. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was for nonviolence and against discrimination and found that blacks and whites were equal. That was his dream. The supporters of King were especially poor black people. They saw King as their leader and gave their hopes for their rights arose. King by his actions, people could express their rage and show that they disagreed. The supporters were therefore often very poor and had no money. The children were raised by only their mother, because fathers often had to fight in the Vietnam War. The women often work, but were very poorly paid. Mostly clear was their boss and then as their inferior, and then was underpaid. Usually attended the black together together together in a neighborhood, a slum. Where no white people in sight, the black and whites lived are often separated. Also, the white people who join the thinking of Martin Luther King (Jr.) that also put their thinking. But it is mainly black supporters were in bad conditions, they relied on King, he was their hope. Despite the great King aanhand there was indeed critical. People were angry with him because actions often students who left school and participate in its actions. Sometimes children or young children of primary schools involved. Around 1961 and 1962 was marching through the streets of Albany (Georgia). As someone who march on Martin Luther King asked why he used children in the demonstrations that answer: that children have to express themselves and to demonstrate against the injustice done to all of their birth. It was also particularly about the future of the children. There was also criticism among blacks, who felt that everything should go faster. She wanted more rapid improvements in their situation. She wanted to use force, because they thought it might be faster. King continued to stand behind his position. He continued to believe that nonviolent resistance was the best thing they could do. Violence would only bring more violence and hatred would arise. Despite continued crit icism by King fight. 4. What did Martin Luther King (Jr.) for the black stuff and what did he outside de U.S.A? Martin Luther King (Jr.) demanded of the black that they used no violence, that nonviolent resistance was the best. It was difficult for black people angry to calm and quiet, but he managed with difficulty. He taught them some violent resistance was. 1. Its really any resistance. It takes courage, not for the fainthearted. 2. It is not intended to defeat your opponent, but your opponent will understand. 3. The attack is focused on the injustice done in the world. Not against the people. During a speech in Chicago, said Martin Luther King (Jr.): The violent man not only refuses to shoot his opponent but he refuses to hate him. That the Americans found strange. The man who lets his enemy will not return, according to him eventually win the battle, it believed Martin Luther King (Jr.). Why did Kings nonviolent resistance so important? Well he felt like his white opponents had shot that had no understanding among white people. If you object to violence only creates more violence and that solves nothing. The black would still have lost the battle because the whites were much more powerful. Through his non-violent resistance was also white on his side, got his way of handling things better understanding of the disparity between black and a white population. He undertook many actions in the United States of America, which you can read the next chapter actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.). He also made trips abroad. The mayor of Berlin invited him to do a speech for a large crowd in Berlin. Pope Paul VI received him in Rome. He also visited the Netherlands. In 1965 he was in Amsterdam to talk to people. Very important was his trip to India, the land of Gandhi. As you could read in Chapter 3, people in India were in revolt against the British led by Gandhi, but he pleaded like King for nonviolent resistance was therefore also the biggest example of Martin Luther King (Jr.). Gandhi was due to his opposition in jail. He did 3 weeks of hunger strike and other so long that the Indians were free. On August 8, 1948, India became independent. Unfortunately, who can not experience, 30januari he was shot by an Indian who saw nothing in nonviolent resistance that he found weakness. When King was still a student who has read books about Gandhi, so he learned how to organize nonviolent opposition had. That what he learned about nonviolent resistance he wanted black people to learn. Example, holding marches, which is a procession with people. Whats happening in Montgomery, said many black students, but also white students mostly from North Carolina. Since the students wanted an end to apartheid in snack bars and restaurants. She went right in, even though they were refused, they went down there and demanded to be served. It was days like this, every day. This be came known as sit-ins. This action ensured that more equality in hundreds of places created / came. Through his many speeches and actions, the support, but also enemies. He found that he could get problems with the whites. He and 3000 people were detained and arrested by a police commissioner, Eugene Conor. He was strongly against the actions of the protesters and against people like Martin Luther King (Jr.). The police went very rage against the demonstrators, mostly black. There were in America, images and people are really shocked. There were angry reactions from the country not only of blacks but also whites of the population. This provoked the anger forced the city to racial segregation in parks and cinemas and other public places should be abolished. And there were black are employed in the department store. There were more demonstrations in action. When his influence peaked in 1964 had won, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was seen as a man who coul d save the black community. He taught black people so violent resistance, but he also speeches abroad, where he also played on information, its most important trip was to India. 5. Actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.) This chapter discusses the two main actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.) supply, the bus boycott and the march to Washington DC. I had in the previous chapter described some smaller actions and demonstrations, but I feel that these are the two most important and famous. The first major action of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was the bus boycott. The reason was that the action of Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery. Montgomery was required that as a black on the bus to a white face. Rosa Parks later said: I really do not know why I did not rise. I had nothing special planned. I was just tired from shopping and feet hurt. After the police arrived there was Rosa, she was arrested and fined 10dollar. When the black population of Montgomery heard that they were very angry and decided to hold a meeting. They made a plan and that plan had become a general boycott of the bus. This came forward a committee led by Martin Luther King (Jr.). The text that was made for the protest was do not take the bus to work, to town and from school etc. 5december. There is another black woman was arrested, said since refused to stand in the bus for a white man. Prefer to go anywhere, if you really need to work, take a taxi or ride with someone with you or walk. Come Monday at a mass meeting at 19:00 Molt Street Baptist Church for more information. On that day Monday 5december 1955 there were almost no black on the bus. The bus boycott went so very well. They never imagined that it would go so well. The protesters had a committee had to be remembered as a name that was: Montgomery Improvement Assocation, abbreviated MIA. King was the president so that night was a speech that she had made that afternoon. In the speech King would tell how he wanted to solve the racial problems, with violent protest and put pressure on the authorities. He wanted the black population was a unit together and revolt. The bus boycott was more comprehensive, they asked the people taking the bus again only if there were changes. The whites not picked a rose up and pulled the black neighborhoods and black people went there to bother. They wanted action but it did not stop. They were Martin Luther King (Jr.) is in prison, but t hat produced nothing, because they quickly released because the deposit paid. The bus was very angry because the black is no longer the bus came, they earned much less. Despite everything the police did nothing. There were many setbacks, but the black fought together. Also Martin Luther King (Jr.) went through despite a bomb attack on his house, he was not there but his wife and daughter were at my home, but were unharmed. Another setback was a Saturday afternoon in 1958 when Martin Luther King (Jr.) in a harem, King was a department store there in the book Stride Toward Freedom at the signing. The book was about the bus boycott in Montgomery. Then suddenly, and woman named Izola Ware Curry and asked King if he was Martin Luther King, where he yes answers. But at that moment was not looking, because a signature, she stuck him with a letter opener. King survived happily for the event. What began as a strike of 24 hours into a strike of one year. Because the black continued until they had achieved what they wanted to achieve. What finally worked. Supreme Court decided in 1956 that segregation on buses had to be shaved. This success came more and more protests and strikes, with the goal: equal rights for blacks. King had organised many marches, the most famous of these was the March to Washington DC. The march on Washington was held at 28augustus 1963, under the leadership of Martin Luther King (Jr.). The black population is now thought that they had waited long enough. She wanted to go but once freedom. In order to reach it, they had to perform actions. One of the black leaders, A. Philip Randolph, came up with an idea. He thought for a march to Washington and proposed to keep that. A few other black leaders doubted whether it would succeed. Suppose now is like walking out of hand and there are fights or there is no case, it would be completely wrong. The rest of the leaders had confidence in it and so was everybody, white and black, called to participate in the march on Washington. Then everyone could see that they were for freedom and equal rights for whites and blacks did. On 28augustus there were more people than they had thought there were as many as 250,000 people to the memorial of Abraham Lincoln, there would begin the march. 60,000 of those people were white. They also found that black should have equal rights as their. The whole march went well, there were no problems. Martin Luther King (Jr.) had to march a speech. He had prepared the speech in New York. During the speech, which was about the continuation of violent resistance, etc. Did he suddenly returned to his speech in June, while he used the words I have a dream . His speech was not as thought, but suddenly had a twist. Then came his most famous speech ever. Through this speech were more people standing behind King. Many whites were against racism and for equal rights were. There was also the media attention to the speech. That was very rare for the actions of blacks, there is usually only something in a newspaper when something has happened in such a violent action, but this time the newspapers were full of it. The march and speech I Have a Dream came on television. Other countries were themselves more concerned, the action was therefore greater than ever. The black freedom and would no l onger be seen as a slave. And so did this action, because finally something was going to change. These were the two most important and biggest and most famous actions that Martin Luther King has been done with them or 6. The assassination of Martin Luther King (Jr.). Martin Luther King (Jr.) always had many opponents. Many whites took his opinion stupid or bad, they could not like. He stood up for equal rights for black people. King had been threatened several times, as an autograph session that he was stabbed with a letter opener. This time he was lucky and was quickly out of the hospital. This was not his only setback in his life. There have also been several bomb attacks on his house, lucky there was rarely anyone at home or they were lucky and were unharmed. A time bomb was so bad that his house was completely destroyed. The perpetrators were found in whites racists. People who thought themselves better than other races or are black people. He also repeatedly seriously assaulted or attacked by racist opponents. It is also a few times that he was arrested and imprisoned, because they came out for equal rights for black people and white people. When he received the Nobel Prize for peace, he was arrested again 60 days later. Action because he wa nted to defend the black. There was a law established that black could vote. But if black people wanted to register so they could vote for what they never heard back. Whites people were too poor for black people to vote. There were laws, but they were hardly implemented. In 1968 4april fired a white man from a racist family, the fatal gunshot. Later it became known that James Earl Ray was. It was a sniper in front of the apartment at the motel across from the room of Martin Luther King (Jr.). He only needed one shot to shoot King. It all happened in Memphis, Tennessee. That same day, Martin Luther King said in a speech in the church, it is spoken about threats on the part of our white brothers. I would like to live long, but Im not worried about that now. Im worried about nothing. The news of the death of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was really a great message to the world very quickly spread throughout America and the rest of the world. The president, President Johnson came right on television, how he felt about the murder of King, he thought it was awful. He asked every citizen the violence King had fallen victim to reject. The speech came too late because within 24 hours after the announcement of the death of Martin Luther King had already struck the violence in Memphis. Snipers fired at the police and riots were conducted and shops looted. The pain was quickly transferred to other cities. Martin Luther King has given his life for his ideal: equal rights for b lack people and white people. Unfortunately, this ideal is not reality. Always get the black people seen as an inferior race. That just because a black / dark-skinned slaves in history. Yet Kings life for no nothing. He has put a lot of people think about, inequality and violence. He was buried in Atlanta 9april 1968. He had a funeral as slaves in those days before two donkeys pulled a cart containing the coffin was alone this time behind the procession walked thousands of times larger. There were about 15,000 people participated in the procession, most of which were white. The true facts of the murder was never known. James Earl Ray, the assassin, caused a new wave of attention on the place of Martin Luther King (Jr.) had. His comments and thoughts are still many people a source of inspiration. There is also a beautiful sentence on his tombstone: Free at last Free at last. Thanks God Almighty. I am free at last. That means: Free at last free at last. Thank you Almighty God. At last I am free. Afterword. While making this piece, I learned a lot about Martin Luther King (Jr.). I admire him for how he helped people and that what she did. Me it was a beautiful story of what he did pity the poor run off and get shot. I thought it was an educational mission. I did not always make much sense to make it, yet I am wiser or it is today. It was sometimes a difficult task to find the information. Unfortunately I have nothing to do with myself in pictures or the like. Because never in the square in Washington wouldve been just once want to go to see where Martin Luther King (Jr.) has done well his speech. Hopefully you will find it a good piece. resource list Sites: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King http://werkstuk.freddoweb.nl/mlk/mlkfr.htm http://www.spreekbeurten.info/King.html http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/8066 http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/6238 Books: The autobiografy: Martin Luther King (Jr.) Author: Edited by Clayborne Carson. People: Mother helps me with grammatica. My grandfather with information about Martin Luther King (Jr.). He was been a history teacher.

It’s Time for Customers to Mind their Manners :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

It’s Time for Customers to Mind their Manners I am writing to you, my fellow citizens of Smallville, as plea for you to start using your manners when dining out. I have been in the restaurant business for the past four years. Currently, I am a waitress at a Smallville bar and grill. I have to say that I am surprised at the way I am treated while at work. Never before have I experienced such blatant disrespect in my workplace. I have shared many positive experiences with customers and employees alike, but that is not what I am going to tell you about today. I deal with such rudeness on an everyday level that you would be shocked to hear all the cases. I have decided to highlight a certain family that frequents my restaurant to help illustrate the type of ill-mannered behavior that is taking place all over the valley. One Thursday evening I was working at Keegan’s Bar and Grill in the Ocotillo neighborhood of Smallville. The hostess of this fine establishment came to notify me I had received the first table of the night. It was a family of five, three children and both parents. As I approached the table, I encountered utter chaos; children fighting over who would get to sit next to whom and who would get the blue crayons. I started to retreat to give these outnumbered parents a chance to get settled in but was called back to the table by a snap of the fingers, and then informed by the father that he needed a Bud Light right away. First of all, I have a serious objection to being snapped at as if I were a small puppy or something, but I thought to myself If I were in your shoes I would need a beer to cope with this situations also. I put the order into the bar for the Bud Light. I returned to the table with this man’s drink only to see that, in order to appease their youngest child, someone had given her the salt and pepper shakers. This creates quite a mess, as you can imagine. This would not be a big deal had the parents any inclination to clean up the salt and pepper before leaving, but I knew they would not. Why do you allow your children to wreak havoc in someone else’s workplace?