Essay on the Theme of Nature in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

Antony and Cleopatra:â The Theme of Natureâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â Nature, portrayed as baffling and cryptic, is an intermittent topic all through Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra.â Cleopatra, the doomed sovereign of Egypt, is both puzzling and mysterious, and her enthusiastic force is well beyond nature’s extraordinary strength.â Whether depicted in a positive or in a negative way, both nature and Cleopatra are portrayed as being â€Å"great characteristic forces.†Ã¢ Throughout the main demonstration, the two are thoroughly analyzed by different characters in the play.â The primary demonstration, set in Alexandria, Egypt, makes way for the play and presents most of the on-screen characters. Scene two presents one of the significant subjects of the play, Nature.â This uncouth, allusion filled scene has two of Cleopatra’s dear companions and one of Antony’s examining her and Antony’s life.â Charmian, one of Cleopatra’s closest companions, Alexas, one of Cleopatra’s hirelings (just as the connection among her and Antony), Enobarbus, one of Antony’s confided in Lieutenants, just as a Soothsayers are on the whole present and talking about their fortunes.â During this conversation, the Soothsayer states, â€Å" In Nature’s limitless book of mystery/A little I can read† (I.ii.10-11).â The Soothsayer discloses to the others that there is little she can do outside of her forces, yet additionally what nature permits her to.â One of the primary references to nature and the puzzle that rotates ar ound it, this statement essentially shows how little influence the individuals have over something as incredible as nature.â Nature and the components encompassing it are essentially a puzzle to the individuals of Rome.â In his conversation with his instructing Lieutenant, Enobarbus alludes to Cleopatra, the sovereign of Egypt and Antony’s prospective darling, as an incredible normal power that is above nature’s powers.â In the second scene of the primary demonstration, Antony states, â€Å"She is clever past man’s thought† (I.ii.145).â This announcement is then trailed by Enobarbus’ proclamation about Cleopatra: â€Å"†¦her interests are made of noth/ing however the best piece of unadulterated love.â We can't call her/winds and waters murmurs and tears; they are more noteworthy/tempests and storms than chronological registries can re-port.â This/can't be shrewd in her; in the event that it be, she makes a show’r of/downpour just as Jove† (I.ii.146-151).â In this statement, Enobarbus shows extraordinary regard and reverence towards Cleopatra .â Not just does he guard her from Antony’s articulation, yet additionally he respects her with such high regard that he looks at her to Jove, the leader of the divine beings accountable for downpour, thunder, and lightning.

Exile and Suffering Essay Example for Free

Outcast and Suffering Essay Early researchers of Anglo-Saxon writing accepted that â€Å"The Seafarer† spoke to an early agnostic sonnet that had been adjusted for Christian crowds by the addition of devout recipes all through and a good toward the end; appropriately, these researchers used significant inventiveness in endeavoring to extract the Christian components to find the â€Å"real poem† covered up underneath these composite overlays. Pound’s well known interpretation, in accordance with this accentuation, methodicallly evacuates or makes light of numerous expressly Christian components of the sonnet and stops before the unmistakably expository end, which includes somewhere in the range of dozen direct references to God and the sky in the last twenty-five lines. Presently, be that as it may, pundits appear to be by and large to concur that the two parts of the sonnet are brought together by a development from natural disarray to sublime request and that its rational topical push is the Christian message that existence in the wake of death is a higher priority than life on Earth. The sonnet is every now and again talked about related to â€Å"The Wanderer,† another Exeter Book sonnet that imparts numerous topics and themes to â€Å"The Seafarer,† remembering the structure for which a particular treatment of historical subject matterâ€the predicament of a drifter or Seafarerâ€is followed by a progressively broad instructional area that draws a strict importance from the prior material. The mariner, as a man required going over an antagonistic and perilous condition, had consistently appeared to Christian writers to be a normally able picture of the believer’s life on Earth, which ought to be seen as an unsafe excursion to the genuine country of Heaven instead of as a goal to be esteemed in itself. In this sonnet, the speaker is by all accounts a strict man (or changed miscreant) who has picked the nautical life as much for its adequacy as a methods for otherworldly control with respect to any business addition to be gotten from it. The first restriction in the sonnet among landsmen and Seafarers offers route to the understanding that all men are, or should consider themselves, Seafarers, as in they are for the most part ousts from their actual home in Heaven. As lines 31-32 (recently cited) build up, the land can be similarly as cold and precluding as the ocean, and the highminded, at any rate, should trust that they will visit in this brutal world for just a short time. Genuine Christian â€Å"Seafarers† should mentally remove themselves from common life, as the Seafarer of this sonnet has done both actually and metaphorically. The artist seems to epitomize his topic at the urgent midpoint of the sonnet: â€Å"therefore the delights of the Lord appear to be hotter to me than this dead life, short lived ashore. † This suggested austere withdrawal from common interests should empower the Christian to appropriately dismiss the solaces of life on the land as transient and look for otherworldly instead of physical solaces.

College Transition

In the present society it is imperative to get an advanced degree to join the workforce. Nonetheless, the progress from secondary school to school can be an extremely scary encounter for some understudies. To make the school change less startling, understudies can play it safe while still in secondary school. These safety measures remember taking an interest for extracurricular exercises, taking testing courses, just as growing great time the executives aptitudes. Support in extracurricular exercises is significant in prevailing in a school domain since it encourages understudies to investigate their inclinations and gifts. Testing courses additionally advantage understudies since they help to get ready understudies scholastically for the requesting outstanding task at hand found in school. Time the board is one more significant expertise to have on the grounds that it will assist understudies with managing their time among scholastics and socialization Participation in extracurricular exercises is an extraordinary asset for understudies to develop as people. Understudies have numerous chances to look over while partaking in extracurricular exercises. The most well-known open doors for interest in extracurricular exercises are found in schools, networks, and strict associations. The most open extracurricular exercises to understudies are those that are school related. School supported extracurricular exercises incorporate games, understudy clubs, and melodic associations. Network associations are likewise well known among understudies, and fill in as incredible extracurricular chances. Collective extracurricular exercises incorporate mindfulness gatherings, center gatherings, and change gatherings. Despite the fact that not as mainstream as school or network associations, strict associations likewise fill in as a solid element for extracurricular chances. Strict related associations comprise of confidence gatherings, retreat gatherings, and study gatherings. Other than taking part in extracurricular exercises to have a place with a particular gathering, understudies can likewise chip in for network administration. Network administration shows understudies duty, assists with building solid companionship bonds, and assists with making significant business contacts. Understudies are instructed duty when performing network administration since they are done pondering themselves. The understudies' needs are in any case, presently to help those whom they are doing this administration for. Solid companionship securities are additionally settled through network administration. By performing network administration, understudies persistently partner with each other and frequently develop to become incredible companions. Network administration is likewise significant in setting up significant business contacts. Understudies can chip in a zone that intrigues them, and simultaneously make significant associations that may help them later on. Taking testing courses while still in secondary school will assist understudies with planning for the requesting remaining burden that they will discover in school. Most secondary school senior understudies accept that it is their entitlement to take a negligible measure of courses since it is their last year in secondary school. This sort of reasoning can be that as it may, disappoint these understudies later on in light of the fact that they will be overpowered by all the work alloted to them in school. School teachers anticipate that entering understudies should have strong instruction particularly in English and arithmetic, and will anticipate a lot of exertion from their understudies. In school, understudies don't have the choice of griping about having an excessive amount of work. By being utilized to a requesting class plan while still in secondary school, the progress from secondary school to school will be a lot simpler. Understudies who take testing courses while still in secondary school will likewise turn out to be progressively capable students. Understudies will turn out to be increasingly capable students in light of the fact that these difficult courses will grow their jargon, just as tight their inclinations. Understudies who take testing courses will fabricate a bigger jargon since they will be educated in a significantly more requesting condition. The additionally testing courses will likewise acclimate understudies with numerous then obscure terms. Secondary school understudies who would prefer not to be tested are never presented to new material on the grounds that these understudies just take those courses that they are as of now acquainted with. Understudies who take testing courses be that as it may, will be presented to new material that may assist with molding their future vocations. Time the executives is the most significant ability to have so as to prevail in school. Numerous understudies experience issues prevailing in school since they don't have the foggiest idea how to arrange their time among scholastics and socialization. There are various interruptions found on a school grounds that frequently lead to the dithering of doing homework. A few understudies like to procrastinate on schoolwork for later in light of the fact that they consider homework to be a weight. Rather, understudies do what is pleasurable to them, frequently disregarding homework by and large. By realizing how to deal with their time, understudies will have the option to enhance their lives scholastically just as socially. A decent time the board expertise additionally prompts great examination propensities. Albeit a few understudies realize how to isolate their time among scholastics and socialization, they regularly experience issues in the way that they approach their examining. Numerous understudies don't have a clue how to, or for to what extent to concentrate on specific tests. The best answer for understudies is to try different things with a wide range of study techniques, regardless of whether it would concentrate with or without music, alone or with a gathering, or in your residence or at the library. Albeit most understudies won't quickly perceive what study propensities work best for them, great time the board abilities will be of extraordinary assistance. Great time the executives abilities will empower the understudy to concentrate on specific subjects that the individual in question may experience difficulty with. By having the option to concentrate on a specific point, understudies will have the option to apply diverse examination techniques since the topic that they are battling with will have the understudies' full collaboration. In spite of the fact that there are a lot more safeguards that understudies need to take before going to school, being presented to extracurricular exercises, taking testing courses, and growing great time the board abilities while still in secondary school will without a doubt help understudies to prevail in school. Being associated with extracurricular exercises in secondary school will assist understudies with finding their specialty in school extracurricular exercises. By taking testing courses in secondary school, the understudies' scholastic change to school will be simpler. Nonetheless, the most significant expertise to have is in acceptable time the executives since it will assist understudies with distributing their time among diversion, and scholastics. Despite the fact that it is critical to play it safe before going to school, the understudy likewise must be arranged intellectually for this new pursuit. This task was beneficial for me in light of the fact that in the wake of finishing this task I presently acknowledge how I can be fruitful in school. Be that as it may, the main issue for me currently is to apply these â€Å"precautions† into my day by day schedule. One issue I had with this task was beginning it. At whatever point I compose, I generally have issues conceptualizing my thoughts despite the fact that I regularly utilize a layout. Another issue that I had in this first task was growing my considerations about central matter into two sections. At the point when I regularly compose, I am accustomed to summing up every thought or primary concern in one section as opposed to a few.

Using a word processor of your choice, such as Word, produce a Essay

Utilizing a word processor of your decision, for example, Word, produce a 1000-1500 word report regarding the matter of Obesity - Essay Example As contended by Kopelman (2007), the commonness of stoutness in the United Kingdom for instance and the world everywhere is on the ascent. The insights show that an immense level of the grown-ups in UK are large (Kopelman, 2007). An investigation of things to come would diminish over a portion of the world people being large (WHO, 2001). This expansion in stoutness is one that spins around way of life and cultural components. With these disturbing measurements, it is significant that the whole society work all things considered to guarantee that the issue is settled on a cultural level. State-of-the-art, there has been an incorporated methodology towards managing weight, particularly through activation on marinating a sound eating regimen and empowering ceaseless support in physical movement (Eggar and Swinburn, 2002). Eggar and Swinburn (2002) demonstrate that one of the significant reasons for weight results from a person in-accepting over the top nourishments and beverages as they should. Over the long haul, this causes a ton of vitality irregularity, rather than the day by day 60 calories in a day. A few nourishments have been demonstrated to contain heaps of fats and sugars, particularly snacks. People with the propensity for expending such nourishments are probably going to be large (Rolls, 2007). Be that as it may, note that a few people are probably going to be corpulent from their organic make-up (Kopelman, 2007). Then again, Kopelman (2007) says that a few people are less dynamic dissimilar to other people. These people are probably going to be fat particularly in the event that they have a propensity for eating and devouring unnecessary greasy and sweet nourishments. An individual’s early life additionally decides the corpulent pace of people (WHO, 2001). Directly from the mother’s belly to the parental taking care of propensities to the newborn children, stoutness can be resolved. The grown-up life of this kid is probably going to be influenced, an angle that Kopelman (2007) terms as a between generational constituent of weight. Weaning is, in this manner, of

Research Help and Research

Research Help and ResearchStudents often ask for dissertation help, as their research gets tedious and research grants are getting fewer. The students need to know that there is still hope for them. The effort of the student should not be lost. If the student has the passion for the topic, the dissertation help can turn his writing from monotonous to riveting.Dissertation help may be sought from fellow students, university guidance counselors, university librarians or from the faculty members. However, the students must have a clear idea about the dissertation help they seek and must have complete clarity on the research direction. They must be able to consider every aspect. All the papers that are being written have a thesis statement. This statement determines the direction of the research work.However, the students who do not have any ideas about the research topic must consider the teachers and the professors as their main source of ideas. They must ask the teachers and the profe ssors for ideas and facts that will support the theme of the project. The students can discuss with the professors about their research topic. The students must be able to gain the right perspectives from the teachers and the professors.Students have to check out the resources that are available for them. They should read the books, the research journals. They should also check out the online resources. Most of the sources have articles that offer relevant comments.The students should write their research proposal and present it to the university. The advisors of the universities look at the research proposal before assigning the students. They also provide the students with a rough draft of the research proposal. The students should go through the rough draft carefully so that they can understand the purpose of the project.Students can find many research assistance programs and funds through websites which offer dissertation help. A good program helps the students in various ways. There are also scholarships and grants, which are offered by the university. The grants and scholarships are available to students who are pursuing their academic career. The scholarships and grants to help the students in accomplishing their professional goals.A lot of the students who are pursuing a doctoral program do not know how to search for dissertation help. They just concentrate on their work and find that they are in a dead end. They are not aware of the various avenues to take help. The information they need may be a few miles away from them.The availability of scholarship programs and grants can make it possible for the students to access dissertation help. The available sources of scholarship can be found easily on the internet. Many of the research journals also offer free information about the students who are completing their PhD. They also provide scholarships and grants for students who are doing their dissertation work. These scholarships and grants may be availab le in the form of loans, grants or donations.

How And Why Some Conduct Is Considered Unlawful - Free Essay Example

In order to understand unlawful conduct it is important to know the differences between civil and criminal law and fault. Factors which influence why conduct is considered unlawful and how conduct is labelled as unlawful will be looked at in depth in following paragraphs. For the purpose of this essay unlawful conduct may be defined as any conduct that is forbidden by law. There are fundamental distinctions between civil and criminal law. In civil law a private party, known as the claimant, initiates the lawsuit and remedies available rarely end up with incarceration. The remedy, if the claimant is successful on his or her litigation usually involves payment of compensation, also known as damages by the defendant. The burden of proof in civil law normally rests with the claimant. The standard of proof is based on the balance of probabilities, meaning there must be greater than a fifty per cent chance in either the claimants or the defendants evidence. This is also know n as the preponderance of evidence. In criminal law a range of sanctions are at the disposal of the state ranging from community punishment through to incarceration. The lawsuit in criminal proceedings is initiated by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) on behalf of the state. The burden of proof lies with the state, with the defendant being innocent until proved guilty. This presumption of innocence is based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals. The standard of proof is beyond reasonable doubt. Whilst it is difficult to quantify this term, the prosecution must establish that there must be no reasonable doubt in the mind of a reasonable person that the defendant is guilty. This higher standard of proof is required due to the more severe nature of sanctions that may be applied. Fault in civil proceedings was generally established through the tort of negligence in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 and was summarised by Lord Atkin who stated that you must ta ke reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. In establishing liability for fault in criminal wrongs, two basic elements are needed to establish liability. The Actus Reus, a Latin phrase literally meaning the guilty act by which the defendants conduct must be shown to be a voluntary and wrongful act or omission that constitutes the physical components of a crime. The second element is known as the Mens Rea, the Latin term for guilty mind, which establishes the state of mind of the defendant in relation to the act. Both of these elements must be proved to establish criminal liability. There are certain factors which influence why conduct is considered unlawful. Over time technological developments take place which the law may not have considered previously. Legislation is then enacted in response to these technological advances. The Digital Economy Act 2010 was enacted to protect online infringement of c opyright and also updates the Communications Act 2003 and the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 amongst its provisions. This Act was introduced primarily to halt losses from internet piracy. Changes in the moral and social climate may also occur over the years. Prior to 1967, homosexual activity was illegal in England and Wales. The introduction of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised private sexual acts between men aged 21 years or older in England and Wales. This was in direct response to changing societal attitudes to homosexuality. Protection of individuals and society from harm may also invoke legislative change. Prior to 1973 it was legal to ride a motorcycle without a crash helmet. Numerous studies have suggested that the compulsory wearing of a crash helmet reduces the chances of a traumatic brain injury. The Road Traffic Act 1972 Section 32 addressed this safety concern by introducing compulsory wearing of protective headgear for motor cyclists. Some c onduct is considered unlawful due to economic reasons. Legislative change may occur on a yearly basis with the presentation of the budget in Parliament in relation to spending, taxation and duty. After presentation the budget is debated and the respective years Finance Act is passed. Current legislation is in the form of the Finance Act 2009. Enforceability of the law must also be considered. Whilst legislative change may be introduced to change antisocial behaviour, in certain instances it may contradict other forms of legislation and may be deemed as oppressive and overbearing. Current methodology to label conduct as unlawful may be introduced by law reform. Parliament may create a new Act, reacting to public and media concern creating or amending an offence. The Animal Health Act 2002 was created in response to the foot and mouth outbreak in 2001 and gives a greater ability to deal with animal disease outbreaks. The judiciary also play a role in law reform through statut ory interpretation. This is evident in the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, whereby the House of Lords removed a long standing misconception and gave true meaning and effect to the law overruling previous decisions that refused to recognise spousal rape. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) also influences law reform. In the case of S and Marper v UK (Application nos 30562/04 and 30566/04) the Grand Chamber ruled that indefinite retention of DNA samples for unconvicted persons was a violation of Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. This decision has highlighted a need for Parliament to change domestic law. The Law Commission is an independent body established in 1965 whose role is to research areas of law that have been criticised and propose legislative change via a consultation paper. An example of the Law Commissions influence in law reform was the introduction of Law Reform (Year and a Day Rule) Act 1996 abolishing the common law principle that a death was conclusive ly presumed not to be murder if it occurred more than a year and a day since the causative act or omission. Advisory Committees ensure improvements are made in the law. These may be the Criminal Law Revision Committee or Royal Commissions which were instrumental in the introduction of the Theft Act 1968 and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 respectively. Green and White Papers outline proposals for legislative change and are open to public consultation. Green Papers may contain alternative policy options inviting public comment whilst White Papers are more detailed. In summary, distinctions exist between civil and criminal unlawful conduct. Unlawful conduct has differing burdens and standards of proof. Fault liability and available sanctions differ, dependant on whether the unlawful conduct was of a civil or criminal nature. The reasons why conduct becomes unlawful is due to influences from factors such as technological developments, social change, protection of ind ividuals and society from harm, economic reasons and law enforceability. The rationale as to how conduct may be labelled unlawful is influenced through law reform. This is primarily driven by Parliament, the judiciary, ECHR, the Law Commission, Advisory Committees and Green and White Papers which endeavour to keep the law both relevant and contemporary in modern society. (1196 Words)Â  [1]

Lynden Transport’s Inbound/Outbound Freight Solution Essay

Introduction Today we are going to explain and possibly solve Lynden Transport’s problem of more inbound freight than out-bound. While our solution is not necessarily out-bound freight in the true sense, it is a way for the company to save money. This problem is not unique to Lynden Transport and with them possibly leading the way in the use of our solution, they can continue to be at the forefront of the transportation industry. Our solution is to use a collapsible twenty-foot equivalent unit to solve the problem of empty containers shipped back to the origination point. Some of the problems we will address are; the prices of shipping empty non-collapsible containers, the cost of new collapsible containers, what to do with the old†¦show more content†¦Discussion Lynden Transport has reported eighty percent of the freight in Alaska is inbound freight. This leaves nearly twenty percent for the outbound freight. Not being a math wizard, you can see that leaves a significant amount of empty trailers in Alaska. These empty trailers are then shipped back to Washington costing Lynden almost $800.00 per empty trailer. A Dutch based company has come up with an ingenious solution. Taking a twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) and cutting the sides, they have created a collapsible unit that can fold into one-fourth the size of the standard TEU. So now, you can essentially stack four units and ship for the price of one unit. What they have done is take a fiber strengthened plastic composite material and hinged it down the sides of the unit so that it will fold in on itself. They use this composite for a couple of reasons that are interesting as well. The composite is not metal so RFID tags and GPS tracking will have no interference from the TEU its elf. Being a non-metallic composite eliminates the possibility of corrosion and corrosion related problems. Fiber strengthened plastic composite material is also much lighter that the steel used for the traditional units. This point has many solutions in mind. With lighter trailers, you can now put heavier cargo without worrying about having to get a special use permit

The Foster Care System Unhinged 2. Majority Of People In

The Foster Care System Unhinged 2 Majority of people in the world have a child or know one, also having system in which lets the wealthy individuals, lawmakers, and their associates have a say in the direction that foster care or the case in which kids have been hurt disappear or the redirects its focus on another aspect of the issue. The kids are not allowed to develop in the best way because they lack attachment of parent figure in their lives, this directs their whole life. the need for makes foster care to be a place in which kids should be secure and loved and are well taken care of, because most people know how it feels to be a parent if not then people should imagen their childhood and how it was or if it should have been better.†¦show more content†¦This having a major role in the child’s development brings out the need for it to be urgency, because having a well grown child with the best health is what the standard should be. the social norm transforms in each decade in the 190s people were w orried that what people would think because the child does not look like me or the family. During the 70s the norm started to shift a little and each time there were people to endorse it, for the children it was the permanency advocates trying to break the stereotypes of what a typical family is meant to look like. This rose the rate in which kids were being adopted, the culture adapting changing gave a different meaning to family as it also shifts because we never know what life throws in our way (changing social norms). The agreement that both parties can agree on is that children need to be cared for and when there is no means to the government should take responsibility to protect those kids form harm. This is a rule in which people should understand because we were kids one day and the way in which we were treated mattered, so having a child harmed should affect everyone in wanting to have what best for the children who have no one to count on. This is a reason that shows full handed that the system is corrupt. A man named Cesar Gonzales-Mugaburu who was a foster father to 140 boys was charged with sexual abusing five of the boys. â€Å"Thomas J. Spota, the county’s district attorney,Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages(electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction

Social Stratification And Social Class - 1205 Words

Individuals within a society are grouped into certain rankings that is based on their wealth, income, race and education known as the social stratification. Sociologist use this to determine the social standings of individuals within a society. Social stratification can also appear in much smaller groups. These groups such as the work place, schools, and businesses can â€Å"take the form of a distribution of power and authority down the ranks†. (Cole, 2017) The Caste system is also another form of stratification that one does not get a choice in. They are born into it and regardless of their talents will hold positions that are given to them their whole life. Social mobility is the ability for individuals to move about their social standings.†¦show more content†¦Erik Wright, Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl sociologist, have identified social classes within societies and created different models for it. Wright has followed along the lines of Karl Marx’s model and has modified it naming four different classes: â€Å"capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers†. (Www3.ncc.edu, 2017) Gilbert and Kahl’s model has six classes: â€Å"the capitalist class, the upper middle class, the lower middle class, the working class, the working poor, and the underclass†. (Www3.ncc.edu, 2017) If individuals lived in a society that was considered a classless society individuals would be living in a communist society this is why society requires different social classes. Communism is not an ideal society and prevents individuals from doing what they desire. While researching tribal and nomadic societies it would seem that these societies are ideal. The individuals who live within them all share the same â€Å"economic roles† (Newworldencyclopedia.org, 2017) and this can be considered ideal. However, communism restricts individuals from ever becoming more than what is told of them. While looking at Wright, Gilbert and Kah l’s models of social class and having an ideal society, Gilbert and Kahl’s model gives room for individuals at all class levels to play a part in society. These individuals are not set into a certain class and are free to rise to a higher class. Individuals who live in an ideal society will beShow MoreRelatedClass Stratification And Social Stratification1485 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Class stratification is no longer relevant in explaining equality in the U.K. today.’ A. Class stratification runs on 3 main points: Power (legal ability, capacity or authority granted on a person/persons), Prestige (a reputation or influence arising from success) and Privilege (a special right or immunity) with these being the root of social stratification it’s easy to see why inequality in universal with the bourgeoisie (the elite 2% of the world) controlling the proletariat (working class societyRead MoreSocial Stratification And Social Class1468 Words   |  6 Pageswe cannot understand the social world, we are more likely to be overwhelmed by it. In America society is stratified into social classes by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, upper, middle and lower class. Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences but achievement based. For that matter, social class is a controversial issue due to the perceptions of people in each class and many argue that social inequality and racism pl ayRead MoreStratification : Social, Class, And Caste1197 Words   |  5 PagesStratification: Social, Economic, Class, and Caste Social stratification is made up of hierarchical relationships among different groups of people. It is as though people are arranged in strata, or layers. Groups may be unequal with material resources, power, human welfare, education, and symbolic attributes. This social stratification began with the emergence of agriculture, but is now universally present. Stratification can be broken up into categories such as class, caste, age, and indigeneityRead MoreSocial Stratification and Class Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbacks of the middle class. To people in the lower class, the promise is held that in a capitalist society, by working hard you can lift yourself out of the lower income bracket to join the middle class. Entrepreneurs who can find a need and fill it can make it into the upper class. The point is that this kind of thinking, a product of social stratification theory, is ingrained upon our minds. As a society, we accept it as a fact that we live in a multi-tiered cl ass system, and thatRead MoreThe Impact of Social Class and Stratification1728 Words   |  7 Pages101 30 November, 2010 The Impact of Social Class/Stratification Stratification and the division of people into social classes is a fundamental part of American society. Stratification is a concept that is universal; it is found in every country, every nation of the world. It is a system in which large groups of people, not individuals, are divided into different layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. Stratification applies not only to the different nationsRead MoreStratification Monopoly And Social Class857 Words   |  4 PagesDuring Stratification monopoly each person was assigned to a social group. There were four different social groups which were middle class, lower class, upper class and the working class. I was assigned the lower class and I knew once the game started that I was going to have to work hard to stay in the game. Each person was given a different amount of money due to their social class. Being that I was in the lower class, I started the game off with five-hundred dollars, while the other membe rs startedRead MoreSocial Stratification, Class System And Ethnocentrism703 Words   |  3 PagesSocial stratification, class systems, and ethnocentrism are all parts of our society that influence our thoughts of what is normal and what is outlandish. Social stratification is a system in which society ranks and organizes people into ranks to identify them. A class system is a system which classifies people based on their social position at birth and their achievements later in life. Ethnocentrism is the view that one’s own culture is â€Å"normal† and other cultures are odd; through ethnocentrismRead MoreSocial Class Ladder As A Means Of Stratification Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagessocieties use gender as a means of stratification. Discuss the consequences of this gender stratification, 2. Distinguish the difference between race and ethnicity, and give an example of each, 3. Summarize the U.S. social class ladder as proposed by Joseph Kahl and Dennis Gilbert, and 4. Discuss how marriage and family are viewed from the three sociological perspectives. FINAL ESSAY Page 3 1. According to the textbook, gender stratification is defined as males’ and females’Read MoreEssay on Social Stratification and The Importance of Class1042 Words   |  5 Pagesprides itself on its equality and freedom; in reality we do not hold up these values and are faced with inequality and imbalance. The modern American class system outlines many of the inequalities that plague our nation. In a country that prides itself on equality, there is a lot of evidence that point to social stratification and the importance of class. According to the 2010- 2011 American Community Survey, â€Å"46.2 million Americans live below the poverty line. This number includes 21.9% of childrenRead MoreSocial Stratification : Social Class, Ethnicity, Age, And Gender1074 Words   |  5 Pages It is in the human nature to be social beings, and have a social identity. Social stratification is the organization of individuals into social groups based on their access to basic needs. Aspects that affect social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is the amount of currency or goods that an individual or family owns. This can include money, houses, livestock, etc. Power is the ability for one to achieve their goals regardless of opposition. Wealth is directly related to

African American Ideas of the Past in Contemporary Pieces

It is appropriate to say that the conditions of Blacks in the past have improved since various Black power movements. The twenty first century generation of African Americans continues to be content with the accomplishments’ of our ancestors, instead of becoming more aware of our heritage and culture in order to understand the present. Renà ©e Stout’s art develop from Black movements such as Garveyism and the Pan-Africanism movements that aimed to instill racial pride and racial unity. Just as these movements made Blacks around the Diaspora aware of the conditions of other Blacks, Stout’s exhibit, Tales of the Conjure Woman, unveil the oppressed culture of Africans and African Americans while instilling racial pride and unity. Firstly the name of Renà ©e Stout’s exhibit, Tales of the Conjure Woman, contains a word that is significant in the purpose of the exhibit. Conjure; meaning to call upon a devil or spirit by spell or witchcraft , insinuates that Stout’s exhibit, as a whole will explore the spiritual roots of African-American culture. Stout’s use of art such as, paintings, sculptures, and photography conveys the oppressed history this generation needs to be instilled with racial pride and unity once again. Her pieces successfully encourage viewers to self-examine themselves so that we can find the absurdities of life, ideas that Garveyism and the Pan-Africanist movement called for Blacks around the Diaspora to do. Once the absurdities of life are identified and there is anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Help By Kathryn Stockett1063 Words   |  5 Pages There are many artistic elements located throughout the book The Help by Kathryn Stockett. These elements help to create images in the readers’ minds, which make the book a strong piece of art. At the same time, the book is also a powerful cultural artifact due to the incorporation of valuable past and present themes of culture. Even though Stockett artfully enhances her book with literary elements, The Help is a stronger cultural artifact than it is an artistic work of literature. One artisticRead More Adaptation of Modern African-American Writers814 Words   |  4 PagesAdaptation of Modern African-American Writers Modern writers learn from the past by reading works written by authors of that particular era. Contemporary African-American writers gain knowledge and insight into the horrendous and sometimes harmonious conditions that plagued Africans during slavery and the slave trade. By reading the actual words, thoughts, and feelings of these enslaved Africans, modern writers receive information from the perspective of the victimized. Lucille Cliftons slaveshipRead MoreRacism And African American Women Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagessupremacy, that one race is superior’ (1997:465). Racism affects the African-American community very strongly, as this race has a history of being treated as racially inferior to other racial groups. Within this community, African-American women are often considered doubly disadvantaged in various situations because of their minority positions of both being a woman and being African-American. Through an analysis of the popular African-American sitcom, A Dif ferent World, one can see how racism, particularlyRead MoreKerry Marshall and Faith Ringgold: Contemporary Artists Essay970 Words   |  4 Pageshumans which allows them to express ideas through writing, drawing, picture, sculpture, or other form. An artist can use art to prove a point to society, draw people’s attention to a situation or just as a means of entertainment in its design. Contemporary art is art produced at the present period in time or within our lifetime (Contemporary Art). Through contemporary art, artists are able to express social ideas or causes by giving us a glimpse into past events which have occurred because ofRead MoreNikki Giovanni: The Princess of Black Poetry Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestwentieth-century, when Contemporary Literature was emerging from 1960 to present time, it was seen as a product of the post-Second World War situation. Yolande Cornelia â€Å"Nikki† Giovanni was born in Knoxville, Tennessee and raised in Lincoln Hei ghts, an all-black suburb in Cincinnati. Giovanni is one of the most commonly read American poets; her frankness in her writing has brought her a lot of recognition and prominence. Giovanni became the voice of many African Americans, her contribution to theRead More The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a time of global appreciation for the black culture, was a door opening for African American women. Until then, African Americans, let alone African American women, were neither respected nor recognized in the artistic world. During this time of this New Negro Movement, women sculptors were able to connect their heritages with the present issues in America. There is an abundance of culture and historyRead MoreThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass, The Souls Of Black Folks876 Words   |  4 Pages Education has long been at the core of every African American story. Historically, this ideal represented freedom and empowerment and at the same time, fought against white oppression, segregation, and enslavement. Education in every African American experience denotes a haunting yet positive connotation and vestiges of its impact can still seen in our contemporary lives. Through this essay, we explore the how education affected both slaves and whites alike and how the controversy of educationRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1476 Words   |  6 PagesModern Age. More specifically, set your destination to northern Manhattan in the early 20s. When you step onto those bustling streets, you’ll find yourself swept up in the Harlem Renaissance. The contemporary writers you are surrounded by are legends such as Langston Hughes and W. E. B. DuBois, and the contemporary musicians you may hear at a local nightclub include some of the greatest in jazz history, inclu ding Thelonious Monk, Nat King Cole, Charlie Parker, Duke Ellington. When you’re tired of dancingRead MoreAlain Locke Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pages With the exception of Native Americans, there is no race of people that originated in America. Yet today, we all come together under the colors of red, white and blue, sing the National Anthem and call ourselves quot;Americansquot;. Despite our differences in religion, norms, values, national origins, our pasts, and our creeds, we all combine under one common denominator. Alain Locke addresses this issue of cultural pluralism in his article, quot;Who and What is `Negro?quot; In this articleRead MoreThe Between Teachers And Their Students During History Classrooms Nationwide1575 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching at Hunter College of the City University of New York. Epstein authored the piece, Adolescents’ Perspectives on Racial Diversity in U.S. History: Case Studies From an Urban Classroom, which sought to determine how fac tors such as race, ethnicity, or nationality shape young people’s perspectives of the past. In the 1993-1994 academic year Epstein, a European American female, and Jamal Cooks, an African American graduate student, observed Ms. Hines’ 11th grade US history class in an urban mid-western

The Effects Of Music On Children With Autism - 1476 Words

Each day that goes by more people are becoming aware of the problem of autism. With the overall number of children effected with autism increasing everyday, there is a panic to find a solution to better treatment and therapy. As a result, the costs of autism care could reach an all time high of well over one hundred billion dollars. Without proper research this number could rise even more. Therefore, there is a need for better groundwork to bring the predicted cost of autism care down. To assure that the explorartion will truly get done there needs to be someone who can appreciate the topic and I can fulfil that requirement, having an autistic nephew. There are many experiments in scholarly journals written by researchers trying to find out if music is truly an effective method of therapy on children with autism or if it is just a myth. Most of the information out there shows the effect of music on children with autism as positive. Whether it be with problems related to vocal stereo typy or lack of social skills, there are facts to back up the positive outcomes of the delving so far. However, there needs to be more research to make this known among autism associations. Everything on this Earth revolves around a small green piece of paper called money. Every person loves to save money whether it be ninety dollars or fifty cents. The benefits of researching this topic is saving money for the households that experience autism first hand, along with associationsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism1406 Words   |  6 Pageshealing methods is Music Therapy. Music Therapy has been shown to help many people of all age groups, a specific group being children with autism. It helps benefit children with autism by improving their communication and social skills. Just simply listening to music calms and puts the brain at ease. Music Therapy is beneficial to this specific group because though they may have deficits socially, they show none w hen it comes to musical affect. This form of therapy allows autistic children to improve thoseRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed rehabilitation, for self-expression, for psychological improvement and alsoRead MoreMusic And Children With Autism881 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Topic: Music and Children with Autism Purpose: To inform audiences about the effect of music to the children with autism Thesis: Music effect children with autism in a powerful significant way. Introduction: †¢ Do you know that 1 in every 68 children in the United States has an autism? (Miriam, 2014) †¢ Boys are more likely to have autism than girl. †¢ What is autism means to us? In 1943, according to Dr. Leo Kannar who was the first described autism as a distinct condition thatRead MoreTherapies For Autistic Children.Individuals Take For Granted1678 Words   |  7 PagesTherapies for Autistic Children Individuals take for granted the luxury of embodying qualities such as communication, interaction, and social and motor skills. Although, individuals may determine the aforementioned skills are more difficult to obtain because of a disability. Autism or autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that effects many children in the United States of America. Communication, interaction, and motor and social skills are usually effected in the autistic child. Read MoreMusic Therapy and Children Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesal., 2002, p. 379). In the nineteenth century, there was a desire to use the sounds of music to minimize pain. In the 1980s, the use of music therapy was documented, but it had not proved any effectiveness (Barrera et al., 2002, p.379). Also, Munro et al. (1987) reported that the Greeks used music in psychology treatment (p. 1029). Music therapy was defended by Munro et al. (1987) as â€Å"the controlled use of music, its elements and their influences on t he human being to aid in the physiologic, psychologicRead MoreBenefits Of Music Therapy On Children Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesBenefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Benefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Literature Review Zuleima Haskins â€Æ' Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communicationRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013)Read MoreThe Implementation Of Music Therapy Workshop Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesResources. Time: Parents will need eight hours of proper training in the implementation of music therapy, such as songs, improvisation, and movement to music. Professional Proctors: Training will be provided alongside proctors in the eight-hour â€Å"implementation of music therapy workshop† to promote competence of the therapy. Money: Participants will be paid a stipend for participating for the duration of the workshop. An estimated financial need is $2,500. An $825 budget will be set aside forRead MoreMusic Therapy For Children And Adults With Learning Disabilities1662 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of literature on the topic of music therapy, the background of music therapy, how it takes place and how it helps clients with autism. A lot of the literature found on the topic music therapy found it helped children and adults with learning disabilities. This section of the dissertation will analyse the literature that is already available on music therapy and autism. It will also analyse literature on drug therapies. I will explore the history of music therapy how and why it is used, howRead MoreMusic Therapy For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder1699 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctions in life. This special kind of creativity can help some children on the autism spectrum with regulating behaviors, help the m cope with anxieties and frustration, and improve focus and attention. This art may also help a child to socially interact with their peers. May also help a non-verbal child to open up and begin to communicate, whether it would be verbally or non verbally (New Hope for Autism: Music Therapy for Children with Autism and Asperger s Syndrome). Now imagine that you were a parent

The other day, I had a convers... free essay sample

The other day, I had a conversation with one of my mentors, and he asked, What arethe challenges or objections people give you when you are discussing business? There a fewstaples people always say; I dont have enough time. I need to make more money. The one Ifind the most interesting is I make enough money, but somehow I wish I could make more of adifference for othersI just wish I felt more fulfilled in my career.The feeling of fulfillment in your life can be hard to achieve if you are living a life you didnot want or if you fell into a situation and now you dont have a way out. So many of us thoughtwhen we got out of high school or college or got our first job that you knew pretty much how lifewould turn out. Somehow, your life changes. ..a job loss, a relationship begins or ends, an injury,an ill family member, and emergency, the birth of a child, a tragedy or perhaps simply youchanged your mind about your direction and all of a sudden you find yourself in a differentplace. We will write a custom essay sample on The other day, I had a convers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can go on for years with a certain routine without ever asking ourselves thequestion..Am I happy? Unfortunately, for so many people out there the answer to that questionis no. What do you do then? It is unlikely you can change your situation overnight, but you canalways change how you approach your life or even more important; what meaning do you attachto the situation you are in currently? Here are a few ideas to stay focused on making sure youfeel fulfilled in life. 1. Stick to Your Values Learn to honor your beliefs. If something does not feel right toyou, you will need to make changes. Be open to change. This can be a difficult thing,but there is nothing worse than looking back on life and realizing you wasted or lost toomuch of your time.2. Focus on the Positive Take a step back and reflect on what does make you happyabout your life. Surround yourself with people who are uplifting and make you feel good.3. Objective reality set aside time to look at what is a definite in your life and what can bechanged. Dont do an engine overhaul on your life if some things are working and youmight just need a tune up4. Visualize what you truly want This is literally the ONLY way to get what you want out oflife. If you put your energy on anything long enough and with intensity, you can make ityour reality. Success is about the ability to shift your focus to what you must to moveforward instantaneously. 5. Listen to Yourself You are the one who has the answers. In order to find out whatmakes you feel fulfilled, ask yourself, when I feel the most energy and excitement, whatam I doing in that moment? Once you figure that out, find a way to incorporate that intoyour daily life. Sometimes, it takes getting away from everything and getting the chanceto literally hear nothing but your thoughts, to truly recognize what you want or need inlife.6. You are Responsible Its often easy to blame others for what you do not have, butultimately you decide what your life will look like. Take ownership of your circumstancesand understand you have the power to change them at any time. Happiness and fulfillment are reachable, but sometimes we do not see it. One of the best ways I was able to gain more clarity, was to find a mentorwho would ask me the tough questions I was not asking myself. Over the years, we havementored and coached people on how to truly find their why in life and it has led to exponentialsuccess.

Project Proposal on Managing Finance

Question: The purpose of the Final Project is to apply the concepts and techniques of the module to the analysis of real-world situations or problems. You are expected to use diverse sources of information and to carry out an original analysis rather than summarise or rehash existing work. You are also encouraged to use situations and data from their own experience where possible. Project Proposal that includes the nature of the project, the sources of information you plan to use, and the most important concepts and techniques to be applied. For this module, you are required to complete a course project that reveals mastery in application of the management accounting and finance concepts emphasised in the course. This involves reporting on a specific organisation within an industry and the management accounting and finance practices that affect the value of the chosen firm or industry. This project should be a formal business report that provides both specific processes and strategies involvin g budgeting, costing, capital decision making, capital acquisition, and cost of capital structure of the chosen firm. These processes and strategies are to be supported with management accounting concepts. For this project, you may select a company that you are familiar with or work for. Tasks: Assess the budgeting process and procedures for the organisation with regards to preparation techniques, uses for evaluation, differences between business units/divisions, etc. Analyse how the organisation collects, stores, and prepares management accounting information, particularly the use of a management accounting system (MAS) and how information is disseminated throughout the organisation. Evaluate the costing process and procedures of the organisation with respect to method or approach utilised. Assess the capital decision making process within the organisation with regards to what methods are utilised, how such methods are chosen, how projects are selected and managed, and what measures are employed to evaluate performance. Evaluate the criteria or mechanisms used by the organisation for deciding how best to acquire capital and analyse the capital structure of the company. Answers: Nature of the Project The major aim of this project is to undertake research as well as analyze the financial information of an organization which will be carried out through the application of theoretical concepts and techniques. This paper will focus on the analyzing the budgeting procedure of an organization. Basically, it will emphasize on assessing the formulation of budgets for various units and different budgets(Drury, 2004). Budgeting is one the most important financial management activity of a business firm and it needs to be carried out efficiently. Therefore, the next task is to study the management information system for the same organization. It will help in obtaining an insight regarding the collection, preserving and preparation of the relevant management accounting information of the organization. Various costing procedures can be utilized for undertaking the costing activities(Freedman and Jaggi, 2000). This paper will study the costing procedure and technique adopted by the organization and its implication for the company. Capital decision making is associated with the selection of sources for financing the organizational activities. In this paper the capital decision will be analyzed to find whether it is appropriate or not. Additionally, this project will focus on the evaluation of mechanism which will be utilized by the company for ensuring appropriate capital structure (Epstein and Lee, 2011). Sources of Information In order to undertake this study, two types of information will be collected. First of all, secondary data will be collected which will help in understanding the background of the study. Secondary data will include the relevant theories, conceptual frameworks and inferences of the past research studies. Secondary information will collected from wide range of books, peer reviewed journal articles, research papers and trusted websites (Kumar, 2005). Additionally, primary data will be required for analyzing the budgeting and costing procedure along with the capital structure of a particular company. Hence, primary data will be collected by conducting interview with the senior finance managers of the chosen company (Gillham, 2000). Most Important Concepts This section will focus on providing a brief overview of the most relevant as well as important concepts that needs to be used in this paper. Budgeting and Its Importance: Budget can be described as the quantitative estimation of the future organizational activities. It is basically a forecasting technique that is used by strategic managers for controlling organizational activities towards desired direction (Epstein and Lee, 2011). The major purposes of budget includes controlling organizational resources efficiently, communicating the plans and goals with the concerned people, motivating the executives and managers, evaluating performance of the manager providing visibility to the performance of the company. Budgeting is an important tool for anticipating the future revenue and expenses of the company (Freedman and Jaggi, 2000). Costing Techniques Costing refers to the activity that is associated with the computation of cost of various business activities through allocation of resources in different phases. It is one of the most important activities as it significantly contributes in various decisions making of the company. There are various costing techniques such as process costing, activity based costing, standard costing etc (Jagolinzer, 2000). The company needs to choose the appropriate costing technique for meeting the organizational objectives. Additionally costing is directly related with the pricing decision of a product. Hence, each organization needs to adopt an appropriate costing technique (Hansen and Mowen, 2000). Capital Structure Capital structure refers to the proportion of resources that is used by an organization for undertaking various activities. There are various sources of funds which are available to an organization for financing the operations. Internal sources of fund refer to the retained earnings, personal savings of the owner of the firms etc (Jagolinzer, 2000). Additionally, the external sources of fund refer to the loans, debentures, overdraft, preference shares, ordinary shares etc. The company needs to select suitable sources of funds in an appropriate ratio for ensuring achievement of the organizational goals (Hirsch, 2000). Techniques Specific research techniques need to be followed in this paper for meeting the objectives of the study. First of all, inductive research approach must be adopted for this study (Kothari, 2004). The research design focuses on providing an efficient pathway for interpreting the collected data to reach conclusion and recommend. This study has adopted exploratory design for analyzing the gathered data through efficient techniques. The gathered data will be analyzed with the aid of qualitative as well as quantitative techniques (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007). This study will be completed within the 7 weeks. The time frame for indicating the expected time for undertaking each activity has been presented below (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004): Principal Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Research topic selection scope analysis Identification of the sources for secondary data Literature Review Description of Research Methodology Preparation of survey questions Collection of primary data Data analysis Comparison of findings Conclusion and recommendation Final submission References Drury, C. (2004).Management and cost accounting. London: Thomson Learning. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2011).Advances in management accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Freedman, M. and Jaggi, B. (2000).Advances in environmental accounting management. Amsterdam: JAI. Gillham, B. (2000).The research interview. London: Continuum. Hansen, D. and Mowen, M. (2000).Management accounting. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub. Hirsch, M. (2000).Advanced management accounting. London: Thomson Learning. Jagolinzer, P. (2000).Cost accounting. Australia: South-Western College Pub. Johnson, R., Onwuegbuzie, A. and Turner, L. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp.112-133. Ketchen, D. and Bergh, D. (2004).Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kothari, C. (2004).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Kumar, R. (2005).Research methodology. London: SAGE. Newman, I. and Benz, C. (1998).Qualitative-quantitative research methodology. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2001).Advanced management accounting. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. Toms, J. (2000).Environmental management, environmental accounting and financial performance. London: CIMA.

How to Choose the Right Sample Ap Lang Essay Prompt

How to Choose the Right Sample Ap Lang Essay PromptSample Ap Lang essay prompts are one of the best ways to figure out how to write an effective essay. The use of essay prompts will help you learn how to make sure that your essay flows nicely and focuses on the main point you want to convey. Answering sample essays will also help you learn how to write a good essay because they are similar to the topic you will be covering.When writing your Ap Lang prompt, you should choose one that fits the subject of your essay. The phrase 'outstanding student' would be a good choice for a sample prompt. When writing, you should choose the right prompt that matches the type of essay you are going to write. You should not write a sample Ap Lang essay without knowing what type of essay you will be writing.Once you have chosen the correct prompt, you should spend time thinking about how to go about writing your essay. What type of essay do you want to write? Is it a report, an analysis, a thesis or a description?If you want to write a thesis, then you will need to plan a proper essay outline to guide you. The outline should contain all the important points you need to discuss in your paper. You should also include enough spaces to fill in your essay.Some essays are written with no grammatical errors, and so you need to focus on spelling and grammar while writing your essay. A good Ap Lang prompt can help you to avoid writing grammar mistakes and common mistakes.While you write your essay, you should know when to stop, and when to write another part. Many students worry about grammar mistakes and misspellings when they write, but as long as you know how to keep things straight and use proper punctuation, you should be fine.In conclusion, Ap Lang provides many sample prompts that will help you learn how to write an essay effectively. Using a sample Ap Lang essay prompt will help you avoid errors and simplify your writing. In the end, the length of your essay will depend on your pe rsonal preference.

Life Insurance Sales Talk Essay Example

Life Insurance Sales Talk Essay What are the highlights of LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav is a Life insurance Plan especially designed to meet needs of †¢ Insurance †¢ †¢ Wealth creation and Liquidity What are the key features of LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? Single Premium non-linked endowment assurance plan. Maturity Benefit : Sum Assured and Loyalty Addition#. Liquidity : Facility for loan. Life Cover : Full Sum Assured Payable on death during the term. # Loyalty Addition, if any, payable on Death, if it occurs during the last olicy year or on maturity. Please explain the Maturity and Life Cover Benefits under the plan. The Maturity Benefits under LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav plan include the Sum Assured and Loyalty Addition, if any. For a person aged 35 years, paying a premium of Rs. 95730/-, the Sum Assured shall be Rs. 200000/- .The Details of benefits payable are as under:- Jeevan Vaibhav Page 1 Benefit Illustration Age Policy Term Single Premium Amount 35 years 10 year s 95730/-* Sum Assured payable on death or 200000/maturity Loyalty Addition payable on death during the last policy year or on maturity: Assuming 6% p. a. eturn Nil 25,000/Assuming 10% p. a. return * Premium shown above is exclusive of service tax. Am I eligible to take the plan? The Plan is available for person between 8 to 65 years of age. Eligibility Conditions Age at entry Policy Term Sum Assured Premium Mode Others 8 years to 65 years 10 years Rs. 200000/- onwards in multiple of 10000/Single Service Tax at the prevailing rate applicable on premium. What is the maximum amount of premium that I can pay? There is no upper limit on the premium. Moreover you shall enjoy a rebate of Rs. 2. 00†° in case you opt for Sum Assured between 4 lacs to 5. 90lacs and a rebate of Rs3. 0†° for Sum Assured 6 lacs and above. Jeevan Vaibhav Page 2 Can I avail loan under LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? Yes, Loan facility is available under this plan, after completion of one policy year. The L oan Value is to the extent of 70% of Surrender Value. What if I wish to surrender the policy before completion of the term? We would not advise you to surrender a policy because the risk cover ceases and the contract comes to an end besides it deprives you from enjoying the full returns under the plan. However we wish to inform you that the policy shall acquire surrender value after completion of one full year.On surrendering a policy the higher of Guaranteed Surrender Value and Special Surrender Value shall be paid. Guaranteed Surrender Value The Guaranteed Surrender Value shall be 90% of the Single premium paid excluding extra premium, if any. Special Surrender Value The Special Surrender Value will be the ‘discounted value’ of the Sum Assured. Why should I opt for LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav plan ? Because LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav combines Security with Wealth Creation in a single plan. You deserve it to celebrate your achievements in 2022. ************* Jeevan Va ibhav Page 3

Free Online Classes Directory

Free Online Classes Directory If you’re new to learning through the internet, want to test out a class, need to brush up on some skills for your credit classes, or just want to learn a few new facts, you’ll want to check out one of the many free courses available online. Although these courses don’t provide college credit, they do give students a lot of information and can be a valuable supplement to your regular studies. There are two main types of online courses: independent courses that are made exclusively for the internet, and open courseware classes that are designed for actual classrooms. Independent Courses Independent courses are made especially for e-learners. From poetry to financial planning, theres something out there for everyone.Brigham Young University has a number of online courses offered for credit to paying students, but they also offer free classes that are open to the general public. Although these classes do not offer interaction among peers, they have a sensible set up and often provide useful information. One of the most common subjects offered is genealogy; BYU has quite a few specialized courses to help genealogists locate their personal family information. A number of religious courses are also available.Stanford University offers free lectures, interviews, and material that are avaliable for download on iTunes.Free-ed.net offers a variety of courses that include materials completely online. Some even have free online textbooks. The Information Technology programs are some of the best and include step-by-step instructions on mastering various types of computer skills . The Small Business Administration provides dozens of links to courses that teach you how to plan, start, market, and run a successful business, and also how to apply for grants and loans. The Teaching Company sells audio and video classes taught by top professors. However, if you sign up for their email newsletter, they will send you occasional free lectures that can be downloaded and saved. Open Courseware Open courseware programs are designed to give students around the world access to course materials actually used in university classrooms. Participating colleges post syllabi, assignments, calendars, lecture notes, readings, and other materials online, making it easy for self-learners to study the topic on their own terms. Open courseware programs do not require registration or charge tuition. However, they  do not award credits or allow for interaction with a professor.Want to take an MIT course for free? MIT’s open courseware program offers students around the world access to materials and assignments used in actual classrooms. More than 1,000 courses are currently available.Tufts University also offers a handful of quality open courseware classes as does Utah State University and John Hopkins University.

Descartes First Meditation paper and Moore's Certainty paper Essay - 2

Descartes First Meditation paper and Moore's Certainty paper - Essay Example Therefore, this is a research paper with detailed information regarding different issues at hand. Studies show that, equity financing is a method or means used to generate share capital resources from external investors (Coyle 2002, p. 46). A general assumption is usually made when sourcing for equity finance, where long term and medium profits is the key target after the whole process of equity financing is completed. The major circumstance that surrounds any new business, which leads it to source share capital in this way, is because Alpha Personal Care Systems is not in a good position to pay loan interests at its start. This is because the share capital needed for core activities that will make the company overcome existing market challenges and come up with unique products at affordable (Peter 2006, p.43). There are various sources of share capital, which include venture capitalists and business angels. Take a critical look at the two serious sources, studies reveal that there advantages and disadvantages of adopting the use of one the sources as equity finance generator (Doug 2009, p. 86). To begin with, Peter and Julie`s new company will enjoy the advantages of using business angel as share capital or equity finance resource (Pinson 2008, p.30). Naturally, business angels fancy channeling their funds on high-risk entrepreneurial firms. Secondly, because Peter and Julie prefer getting small amounts of money for equity capital, it fall well within the business angel`s interest as the business angels consider funding small amounts that fall within the preferred equity finance gap to enable new venture launch. This is a big advantage as there will be minimal foreign impact on Alpha Personal Care Systems in terms of investments and decision making in the future. Every good source of finance has its disadvantages, in the case of Peter and Julie`s selection of business angels has a few disadvantages (Jefferson 2001, p.48). To

Public Health Policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Health Policies - Research Paper Example This paper analyzes a major health problem, obesity, and the legal and ethical rationale for proposing three policy alternatives for resolving this chronic health problem. With the continuous challenge of guaranteeing public health it is not surprising that policymakers are looking for alternative policies to mitigate the negative effect of childhood obesity which at present appears to offer no solution. A primary apprehension about childhood obesity is that affected children have a tendency to carry obesity until adulthood, with the enlarged possibility of cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, and several other chronic illnesses (Saunders & Harrison, 2007). Hence, it seems legally and ethically justifiable to immediately act in response through collaborative efforts between parents, communities, health practitioners, and policymakers. It is time to recommend alternative policies because these abovementioned individuals and groups have had necessary information and, still, the pr oblem persists to rise. Even though parents are informed of the weight condition of their children, a lot of them are hesitant to publicly acknowledge or categorize their children as overweight or obese. Most parents think of obesity as an aesthetic concern, not a health problem (Strychar, 2004). Hence, building awareness of health threats and encouraging correct response is a sensitive recommendation and alternative policies should move ethically to prevent aggressive discrimination. Attempts to address and mitigate childhood obesity should consider information dissemination, analysis, and intervention. The primary health, economic, social, political, and ethical repercussions of these problems suggest the need for collaborative efforts between private scientific funding organizations and the government (Strychar 2004). Looking into the future, it appears that First World nations cannot allow the continuation of childhood obesity problem, weakening academic achievements, and absenc e of initiative to accept accountability (Thompson, 2004). If a country aims to flourish globally, then it has to institute groundwork of socially competent and bright individuals. Alternative standards of government policies are required. Three Alternative Policies for Childhood Obesity (1) The government should deal with the inadequacy of information by obliging stakeholders to provide it. The Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) should be enhanced to promote the competence of food-related companies through mandating comprehensive nutritional information. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how to make nutrition information understandable for adolescent and children consumers. Additional studies are required on this matter. The ethical concerns addressed by this policy are (a) the conditions of food processing, crop growing, animal rearing, and product marketing; (b) the contribution of the food-related company to the larger society; and (c) the relationship between consum ers, processors, and producers. (2) The government, alongside public schools, should safeguard children from publicity and advertising. The government will be entirely accountable for the advertising sector. Due to insufficient budget allocations, several school districts have entered into an agreement with Channel One, which provides them resources, educational paraphernalia, and televisions in return for permitting Channel One to promote

Social Policy Essay Example for Free

Social Policy Essay Explain the meaning of the term ‘social policy’ and discuss how social policy is applied in practice, drawing upon the major milestones in the development of the British welfare state. For the purpose of this assignment I intend to discuss in great detail social policy and how it is applied in practice, using examples from mainly voluntary sectors. I will also discuss the introduction of the Beverage report in 1948 and Margaret Thatcher’s move to the new right approach in 1979 in regards to being the two major milestones within the development of the welfare state. Social Policy is a study of the social services and the welfare state, the welfare state being anything that helps people get back on their feet after hardship, this is not always in regards to money it can sometimes relate to resources. Social Policy it looks at socially constructed issues such as divorce, unemployment, crime and it aims to improve them by making positive changes. Social policy also looks at vulnerable people in society such as single parents, elderly people, disabled people and looks at ways in which they can be supported. Social policy is not always legislation it can be looked at more along the lines of trial and error, almost like guidelines or aims something to be worked towards achieving. It is not always effective depending on how beneficial or valuable it is and whether or not people choose to conform. Although most sociologist wouldn’t agree on social policy and the definitions may vary depending on whether the sociologist is left or right wing. Left wing approach supports social equality and discourages hierarchy, whilst looking out for and supporting disadvantaged individuals within society. In contrast to this is the right wing approach which accepts hierarchy and social inequalities, and views them as inevitable. It is very much a functionalist approach seeing hierarchy as necessary for society to function. Ways in which social policy is put into place are through projects such as The New Economic Foundation also known as the NEF they work with people within society as well as the government, businesses and academic sources to help improve society as a whole tackling all areas surrounding the nvironment, economy and society. NEF are an independent registered charity who are funded by, grants and donations, individual followers and earned income â€Å"Our individual supporters gave a total of ? 121,860 this year† (NEF, 2013). There is also David Cameron’s Big Society, which aims to concentrate on welfare being provided more through voluntary sectors rather than the state, this in turn aims to give communities more control over issues such as public service s, schools and housing. It also encourages and financially supports people working towards a better future, to enable them to improve their circumstances. â€Å"A strong, diverse, well-capitalised and sustainable social investment market in the UK, through which social sector organisations can access appropriate and affordable finance and support to grow their impact on society. † (Big society, 2013) There are believed to have been two major milestones in the development of the British welfare state, one of which was the implementation of The Beverage report in 1948, this was introduced by William Beveridge after the war to help maintain control. The Beveridge report was very much a left wing approach, based on and supported by social democracy, he had the idea that everybody needs to work together in order to reduce inequalities and believed it was the responsibility of the government to help and support citizens who needed it. He identified 5 social evils that needed to be overcome in order for society to function, Ignorance (education) , squalor (housing), want (need), idleness (unemployment) and finally disease (health) for the purpose of his assignment I will be concentrating on disease, this was combated by the introduction of the National Health Service, most commonly known as the NHS. This was introduced in 1948 and provided free healthcare for the state, it provided security from the cradle to the grave. The second of the major milestones was Margaret Thatcher’s move to the new right approach in 1979, as a conservative her approach was very much a right wing approach, she questioned the social democracy, she reduced welfare spending and she sold off council houses. Margaret Thatcher also challenged the method of delivering welfare. Social democracy which was favoured by the UK government following the war was based on the theory of John Keynes  and was implemented through the Beveridge report, this theory believed it was necessary for the government to intervene within the economy and thought society should work together to help each other, the strong supporting the weak. The new right theory which was dominant in 1979, supported the capitalist system and believed it was cable of providing wealth for everyone, they believe that the government should not intervene with the market system via taxes, or welfare as the market system makes sure prices and wages meet supply and demand ensuring employment for all. It sees the welfare state as being unnecessary and although it shouldn’t be eliminated entirely they believe it should follow a residual model, which is basically only the deserving poor should be given minimal benefits, thus making the rich richer and he poor poorer. Margaret Thatcher’s challenging attitude towards the delivery method of welfare introduced welfare pluralism, also known as mixed economy welfare, meaning that the welfare is not provided only by the state it is made up of 4 different sectors. Government agencies, which is the welfare state, advantages of this would be that there is very little chance of bankruptcy within this sector as the government can raise taxes to maintain welfare for those who require it, this way of providing welfare also ensures that only qualified individuals can work within this sector maintaining a high standard of care which can be equally distributed throughout the whole country, the disadvantages of this method of welfare are that specialist care such as elderly people is overlooked and it is possible that they would benefit more from voluntary care rather than the state, it creates higher taxes as people now have longer life expectancies and it can also create dependency upon the state giving people no motivation. Voluntary Organisations, which is charities this can be cheaper as volunteers and donations are used, and as previously discussed can attend to specific needs better than the state such as elderly, people suffering with HIV or dea ling with domestic abuse. Disadvantages of this are that if the charity fails to get funding the care may not be available long term, also due to funding welfare may not be distributed evenly across the country. In addition to this volunteers may lack qualifications and training. Private Sector, which is profit making companies because of their profit making nature the quality of care can often be better in the hopes to attract business, there is also more of an element of choice within this sector. Although like the voluntary sector if the business ends the service provided will be terminated, and the private sector is only really available to those with money. Informal Sector, this is where welfare is provided by the family. Although it promotes independence and saves the government money it is very much a New Right view upon which the care responsibilities fall on women and in some cases young children who are more often than not lacking in resources. As you can see Margaret Thatcher and William Beveridge had a huge impact on the development of the British welfare state, whether some would agree or disagree that all changes where positive they have never the less influenced the British society we live in today. Although there is still controversy in regards to certain aspects of the welfare state, recently there has been argument by Iain Duncan Smith, the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in regards to pensioners and their benefits â€Å"Wealthy elderly people who do not need benefits to help with fuel bills, TV licences or free travel should return the money, the work and pensions secretary says. † (BBC, 2013). This has created huge controversy as people feel that after such a long time of paying into the system that they are deserving of these benefits and may also discourage people from paying into the system in future, this is a situation in which the trial and error of social policy would be applicable. Reference List: NEF. (2013). Who funds us. [Online]Available: http://www. neweconomics. org/pages/who-funds-us. [Accessed 10th May 2013]. Big Society Capital. (2013). OUR VISION AND MISSION. [Online] Available from: http://www. bigsocietycapital. com/our-vision-and-mission. [Accessed 10th May 2013]. BBC News UK. (2013). Iain Duncan Smith urges wealthy elderly to hand back benefits. [Online] Available from: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-22327335. [Accessed: 10th May 2013].

Essay on Everyday Use, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie

Lessons From Everyday Use, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie Literature plays a major role in civilization. Even societies without a written language have literature. Stories, poems and songs are pasted down orally from one generation to another. This term we have study three forms of literature; short stories, poems, and drama. The study of these three forms has affected me in different ways and I have taken different lessons out of each form. The three literary work witch had the greatest impact on me are "Everyday Use" written by Alice Walker, "Daffodils" written by William Wordsworth, and "The Glass Menagerie" written by Tennessee Williams. Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use" tells of a mother and her two daughters, Dee, who is polished, poise, educated and stylish, and Maggie who is not bright and scarred from a fire. Dee and Maggie are opposites. Dee has tried to make something of her self but in doing so forgot what it was that she came from. Maggie has lived her life in the same way her mother has lived her life and in the same way her grandmother lived her life. Maggie knows where she came from and does not feel the need to better her self. Dee collects objects from her mother's house to display around her own. Maggie, being use to the idea of Dee getting her way, sits dumb founded while items are gathered by Dee. Dee finally tries to take two quilts handcrafted by her grandmother. The mother tries to convince her to take two different quilts but Dee refuses saying that they were made by machines and not worth as "priceless" as the others.&nbs... ...he horn breaks off, now it is just like the rest of the horses. She starts to feel comfortable with him when he tells her of his engagement to a woman named Betty. This makes her loose her self-confidence. Despite of this a seed is planned with in her that she is just like all the other girls and does not need to be so withdrawn. The lesson in this play is that it is better to face your problems then run away from them. The three works of literature, "Everyday Use" written by Alice Walker, "Daffodils" written by William Wordsworth, and "The Glass Menagerie" written by Tennessee Williams have each showed me something different. Whether reading a short story or poem or watching a play there is always a lesson or idea to be gathered from literature.

An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

Universal Journal of Marketing and Business Research Vol. 1(1) pp. 017-043, May, 2012 Available online http://www. universalresearchjournals. org/ujmbr Copyright  © 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: [email  protected] om, Tel No. : 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organization itself, and the general public. The public contended that the payment of taxes and the fulfillment of other civic rights are enough grounds to have the liberty to take back from the society in terms of CSR undertaken by oth er stakeholders.Some ten year ago, what characterized the Nigerian society was fragrant pollution of the air, of the water and of the environment. Most corporate organizations are concerned about what they can take out of the society, and de-emphasized the need to give back to the society [their host communities]. This attitude often renders the entire community uninhabitable. A case in mind is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.This translated to negative integrity and reputation on the part of corporate identity as people perceived this as exploitation and greed for profitability and wealth maximization within a decaying economy of Nigeria. However, the general belief is that both business and society gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible; that is, the business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, while society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization.In modern day however, having seen the benefits and average favorable pay-back period of their investment in CSR, corporations are now seriously involved in this project, which had impacted in the society wonderfully and profitably. This study is therefore, intended to consider the imperative and benefits of CSR on the Nigeria society. The perceived gap supposedly created is harnessed and investigated for possible resolution, using the banking and communication industries as a case study. The research approach is both descriptive and analytical.Data collected for this study are from both primary and secondary sources, relying heavily on the relevant information available from both banking and communication sectors, and other sources. Tests were conducted using both regression and correlation analysis. The regression result reveals a strong and significant relationship between CSR and Societal Progress such that the relationship between CSR and Societal Progress is statistically significant. It is thus conclusion that CSR plays a significant role in Societal Pr ogressiveness in terms of environmental and economic growth.The study recommends that, while improvement in the depth of participation by banking and telecommunication industries in economic and environmental development is desirable, they are encouraged to close ranks and forge common interest in addressing certain social responsibilities, especially those bothering on security and technological advancement of the polity. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, societal Progressiveness, Banking, Communication, Environment.INTRODUCTION At an earlier point in history, societal expectations from business organizations did not go beyond efficient resource allocation and its maximization. But today, it has changed and modern business must think beyond profit maximization toward being at least socially responsible to its society. Today’s heightened interest in the role of business in society has been promoted by increased sensitivity to the 018 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. aware ness of environmental and ethical issues.It means our society has become increasingly concerned that greater influence and progress by firms has not been accompanied by equal effort and desire in addressing important social issues including problems of poverty, drug abuse, crime, improper treatment of workers, faulty production output and environmental damage or pollution by the industries as it has overtime been reported in the media. It is therefore very essential for all to realize that public outcry for increased social responsibility will not disappear if business organizations fail to respond to the challenges these had posed for the society.In view of the perceived information gap, it is therefore worthwhile collating and aggregating in a more organized manner, the contributions of Nigerian corporations [using banking and communications industries as a focus] to the well-being of the society. This is necessary if only to show, in a graphic and mathematical ways that the indus tries seriously identify with the aspirations of the communities and the general public. In the early years of this century, two Americans independently and without knowing of each other were among the first businessmen in the world’s history to initiate major community reforms.Andrews Carnegie preached and financed the free public library. Julius Rosenwald fathered the country farm agent system and adopted the infant 4-H CLUBS. Carnegie was already retired from business and one of the world’s richest men. Rosenwald who had recently bought a near bankrupt mail order firm called Sear Roebuck and Company, was only beginning to build both his business and fortune. The two held basically different philosophies. Carnegie believed that the sole purpose of being rich is to be a philanthropist, that is, the â€Å"social responsibility of wealth†.Rosenwald believed that you have to be able to do good to do well, that is, the â€Å"social responsibility of business†. J. Irwin miller of the Cummins Engine Co. Ltd in Columbus, Indiana, has systematically used corporate funds to create a healthy community which, at the same time is a direct, though intangible investment in a healthy environment for his company. Miller specifically aimed at endowing his small industrial town with the ‘quality of life’ that would attract to it the managerial and technical people on whom a big high-technology business depends.Only if business and particularly Nigerian business learns that to do well it has to do good, can we hope to tackle the major challenges facing developing societies today. The economic realities ahead are such that ‘social needs’ can be financed increasingly only if their solution generates commensurate earning which precisely is what business is known for. We can actually say firms involved in Corporate Social Responsibility are actually not regretting because of the increase it has made on their sales leading to pro fit and how they have impacted the environment.The significance of corporate social responsibility as a vital tool for the societal progressiveness cannot be over emphasized. This can be seen from the points of view of showing concern for the welfare of the community in order to reap peace, competent and cheaper manpower, a platform for a better community; by making the host community worthy of livelihood in terms of infrastructural development; and by boosting their image, reducing advert cost, gaining an edge over competitors, and making your name as a firm an household name in the society.Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Overview of The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility The Bali Roundtable on developing countries in 2002 recognized the business sector as a primary driver of economic development and the World Summit For Sustainability identified business involvement as critical in alleviating poverty and achieving sustainable development. Corporate social responsibili ty has to do with an organization going out of his way to initiate actions that will impact positively on its host community, its environment and the people generally.It can be seen as a way of acknowledging the fact that some business fall outs have adverse effects on the citizens and society and making efforts to ensure that such negative impact are corrected. Posk, et al (1999) as a matter of fact, believe that corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, communities, and its environment. It implies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected, if possible.It may require a company forgoing some profits if its social impacts are seriously harmful to some of its stakeholders or if its fund can be used to promote a positive social good. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibilities There are a myriad of definitions of Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR ], each considered valuable in their own right and designed to fit the specific organization. The majority of definitions integrate the three dimensions to the concept, that is, economic, environmental and social dimensions.CSR had also been commonly described as â€Å"a demonstration of certain responsible behavior on the part of public and the private [government and business] sectors toward society and the environment†. Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), a leading Global Business partner, in a Forum held in 2006 defined Olanrewaju 019 CSR as achieving commercial success in ways that honors ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. For BSR, CSR also means addressing the legal, ethical, commercial and other expectations society has for business, and making decisions that fairly balance the claim of all key stakeholders.In its simplest terms, it is: â€Å"what you do†, â€Å"how you do it† â€Å"and when and what you sa y†. In this sense, CSR is viewed as a comprehensive set of policies, practices and programmes that are integrated into business operations, supply chain, and decision making processes throughout the company and wherever the company does businesses that are supported and rewarded by top management. It also includes responsibility for current and past actions as well as future impacts. The issues that represent a company’s CSR focus vary by business, size, sector and even geographical region.It is seen by leadership of companies as more than a collection of discrete practices or occasional gestures or initiatives motivated by marketing, public relations or other business benefits. Also, the World Business Council on Sustainability Development, 1998 described CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by Business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large†. CSR is the concept that an enterprise is responsible or accountable for its impact on all relevant shareholders† [European Union, 2006]. According to Macmillan [2005], â€Å"CSR is a term describing a company’s obligation to be accountable to all its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. Socially responsible companies will consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the need of stakeholders with their need to make a profit†. â€Å"CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner.Since stakeholders exist both within a firm’s and outside a firm, hence, behaving socially and responsibly will increase the human development of stakeholders both within and outside the corporation† [Clarkson, 1995]. A reputable author, Kenneth Andrews Steiner (1977) defined Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) â€Å"as the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society that retains the individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable nd leads to the directions of positive construction of human betterment†. As an improvement on the above definitions, Koontz and O’Donnell (1968) defined social responsibility as the personal obligation of everyone, as he acts in his own interests, but he must always have due regard that his freedom does not restrict others from doing the same thing. He further noted that a socially responsible individual or organization will obey the laws of the land because the rights of others are at stake.In emphasizing the ecological conceptualization of social responsibility, Buchholz (1991) noted that any good definition of social responsibility must contain if not all, most of the following; Responsibility that: †¢ goes beyond the production goods and services at a prof it. †¢ helps in solving important social problems those that the organization are responsible for creating. †¢ makes corporations have greater constituency than stockholders alone †¢ makes corporations have great impacts that goes beyond marketplace transactions, and †¢ makes corporations serve a wider range of human values that can be captured by a sole focus on value.CSR can therefore be referred to as decisions and actions taken by organizations for reasons at least, particularly beyond the organization’s direct economic or technical interest. For many corporate bodies giving to charities is a struggle really, their objective do not usually build-in the strategic need to support the communities that they serve. The focus totally is to maximize profit or financial returns. The thrust of their arguments centre around balancing their obligations to stakeholders, especially the shareholders.Corporate social responsibilities should be strategic no doubt. Eng aging in strategic philanthropy is done by even the best corporate bodies in the world. It should however have an underlying compassionate foundation. There should be a symbiotic relationship between corporate organization and the host communities, a sort of on-going reconciliation between the organization’s economic orientations. There should be an unwritten â€Å"social contract†, so that it should not be forced responsibility like Education Trust Fund tax but a voluntary social service based on the needs of the community.Socially responsible business practice implies that CSR is the social practice where the corporation adapts and conducts discretionary business practices and investments that support social causes to improve community well-being in order to protect the environment. Key distinctions include focus on activities that are discretionary, not those that are mandated by laws or regulatory agencies or are simply expected, as with meeting moral standards.Com munity is interpreted broadly to include employees of the corporation, suppliers, distributors, non-profit and public sector partners as well as members of the general public. And well-being can be referred to health and safety as well as psychological and emotional needs. It is also about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods, respect for cultural difference and finds a business in building the skills of employees, the community and the government. Indeed it is about business giving back to society. 020 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res.Generally speaking, Corporate Social Responsibility, whether in the banking sector or otherwise refers to: A collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities and the environment. The commitment of business to contribute to sustainable development According to the European Commission, CSR involves companies integrating â€Å"social and environmental concerns into business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on a voluntary basis†.The key to this definition lies in the word â€Å"voluntary†. According to Nigeria Social Enterprise Reports Vol. 2, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholders and stakeholders expectations. It went further to say that CSR is generally seen as the contribution of business to sustainable development which has been defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs†.In Nigeria, the federal Executive Council (FEC) on Wednesday May 2008 approved the development of a CSR policy for the country, to instill ethical behavior in Nigerian Businesses. The minister of National Planning Commission, Dr Sanusi Daggash, who gave detail s of the memorandum, said it referred to the adoption of responsible business practices by organizations, to improve the society at large’’. He said the policy would include â€Å"beyond law commitment† and activities that would necessitate an expectatation to ‘give back’ to the society.He reiterated that the policy would ensure corporate governance and ethics, health and safety, human rights, human resource management, anti-bribery and anticorruption measures. One reckons that the policy formulators will take note of similar global policies that might point Nigeria in the direction of developing a viable CSR policy. Carrol’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Although no single commonly accepted definition had been ascribed to the subject, which had evolved since 1970s, Archie B.Carroll had said that â€Å"there had been economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic aspect to the subject†. Therefore, one of the most used and quot ed model is the Carroll’s pyramid of CSR, 1991. Carroll considers CSR to be framed in such a way that the entire range of business responsibilities is embraced. These four responsibilities can be illustrated as a pyramid. The economic component is about the responsibility to profit which serves as the base for the other components of the pyramid. With regard to the legal aspect, society expects organizations to comply with the laws and regulations.Ethical responsibilities are about how society expects organization to embrace values and norms even if the values and norms might constitute a higher standard of performance than required by law. Philanthropic responsibilities are those actions that are expected from a company as a good corporate citizen. Implicit Versus Responsibility Explicit Corporate Social Matten and Moon (2004) presents a conceptual framework for understanding corporate social responsibilities the, ‘implicit’ versus the ‘explicit’ co rporate social responsibilities.Explicit CSR is about corporate policies with the objective of being responsible for what the society is interested in. Explicit CSR can for example be voluntary, self-interest driven corporate social responsibilities policies and strategies. Implicit CSR is a country’s formal and informal institutions that give organizations an agreed share of responsibility for society’s interests and concerns. Implicit CSR are values, norms and rules which result in requirements for corporations to address areas that stakeholders consider important. Business associations or ndividual organizations are often directly involved in the definition and legitimization of this social responsibility requirement. The Three Components of Sustainability – The Triple Bottom Line Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Enviro nmental and Development, 1987) The triple bottom line is considering that companies do only have one objective, profitability, but that they also have objectives of adding environmental and social value to society (Crane and Matten, 2004).The concept of sustainability is generally regarded as having emerged from the environmental perspective is about how to manage physical resources so that they are conserved for the future. Therefore, economic sustainability is about the economic performance of the organization itself. A broader concept of economic sustainability includes the company’s impact on the economic framework in which it is embedded. The development of the social perspective has not developed as fast as the environmental and economic Olanrewaju 021 perspectives. The key issue in the social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice.It can be seen from above that economic and environmental sustainability involved in the concept of externalities is mostly engendered in the importance placed by comparatives in the concept of social responsibilities. The European Foundation for Quality Management [EFQM] defines CSR as â€Å"a whole range of fundamentals that organizations are expected to acknowledge and to reflect in their actions. It includes among other things respecting human rights, fair treatment of the workforce, customers and suppliers, being good corporate citizens of the communities in which they operate and conservation of natural environment†.These fundamentals are seen as not only morally and ethically desirable ends in themselves and as part of the organization’s philosophy; but also as key drivers in ensuring that society will allow the organization to survive in the long term, as society benefits from the organization’s activities and behavior† (The EFQM Framework For Social Responsibility, 2004). CSR is the concept that an organization needs to consider the impact of their operations and busi ness practices on not just the shareholders, but also its customers, suppliers, employees, members of the community it operates in, and even the environment.It is a way of saying thank you and expressing appreciation to all stakeholders in the business. It is a conscious effort to give back to the society in which the corporation has benefitted immensely. Characteristics of Corporate Social Responsibilities The European Foundation for Quality Management [EFQM] presents some common characteristics for CSR which are: †¢ Meeting the need of current stakeholders without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own demand. †¢ Adopting CSR voluntarily, rather than as legal requirement, because it is seen to be in the long-term interests of the organization. Integrating social, environmental and economic policies in day to day business †¢ Accepting CSR as a core activity that is embedded into an organization’s management strategy. The three dimensi on of CSR with specific examples of areas particular to each dimension are: Economic Responsibility Integrity, corporate governance, economic development of the community, transparency, prevention of bribery and corruption, payments to national and local authorities, use of local suppliers, hiring local labour and similar areas.Social Responsibility Human rights, training and developing local labour, contributing expertise to community programs and similar areas. Environmental Responsibility Precautionary approaches to prevent or minimize adverse impacts support for initiatives, promoting greater environmental responsibility, developing and diffusing environmentally friendly technologies and similar areas. Lohman and Steinholtz (2004) view the CSR concept as a combination of three separate agendas, namely Corporate Sustainability, Accountability and Governance.Corporate Sustainability derives from the United Nation meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Agenda 21. This refers to how we address and balance the social, economic and environmental areas in the world so that our long term survival is not threatened. Corporate Accountability focuses on the credibility of the organization and is used in situations where discussions are held about the ability of the organization to manage. Corporate governance is used in the discussion about how an organization is being run. It deals with transparency and in the long run trustworthiness.Bowen (1953) defined it as the obligation of business men to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of the society. A number of studies have been carried out on CSR since the idea was floated in the twentieth century. For, example, a Business week/Harris poll (1993) revealed that U. S. top-level corporate executives (69% of those polled) and MBA students (89%) believed that corporations should be more involved in solving crucial problem s.Also in a study of 107 Europeans corporations, majorly of the chief executives cadre surveyed agreed that addressing social issues, such as substance abuse, health care and education, was needed (Mathison, 2003). Business in any society needs to take responsibility, for every decision that is made, every action that is taken, must be viewed in the light of that kind of responsibility. Social responsibility requires business organizations to balance the benefits to be gained against the costs of achieving those benefits.There is the general belief that both business and society gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible. While business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization. In the early 1970s, companies began to appreciate community service as a way to improve their images, internally and externally, as well as to serve the 022 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. communities in which the busin ess operates. A study carried out by the National Volunteer Centre in U. S. n 1977 shows that more than 1,100 major U. S. corporations had established structured activities to involve their workers in community volunteerism by 1990. A survey of 180 leading U. S. companies found that 79% of them had volunteer programmes. Also, a study conducted by IBM and the graduate of School of Business at the University of Columbia in 1994 showed a clear link between volunteerism and return on assets, return on investments and employee productivity. A company with a strong community involvement programme is likely to score high in profitability and employee morale.Social responsibility should, in fact, reflect cultural values and may differ in forms from one society to the other. What is socially acceptable in Japan may differ in forms from that of Germany, Brazil or Indonesia. Japanese firms have proved themselves models citizens on many dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility. Their suppo rt of local community activities and other philanthropic endeavours have led to increased goodwill in the communities where they operate.The firms help society in areas directly related to the operations of the business. A survey conducted by the Japanese External Trade Organisation (JETRO) in 1997 shows that approximately 80% of Japanese affiliated operations in the United State which were covered by the survey engaged in corporate philanthropy. Making cash contributions was the most common form of philanthropy (about 91%). Community development and education were the primary beneficiaries of cash donations and encouragement of employee volunteerism was up to 36% from 1992.Over 95% of responding organizations maintained or increased both cash donations and other philanthropic activities since the last survey in 1992. Being socially responsible by meeting the public’s continually changing expectations requires wise leadership at the top of the organization. Miles (1987) obser ved that â€Å"corporate leaders who possesses this kind of social vision believe that business should help create social change rather than block it. With such attitude, they know that their own company will have a better chance of surviving in the turbulent social currents of today’s world†.Frooman (1997) further observed that companies which are socially responsible are guided by enlightened selfinterest, which means that they are socially aware without giving up their own economic self interest. Profit are the reward for the firm as it continues to provide true value to its customers, to help its employees to grow, and to behave responsibly as a corporate citizen. An emphasis on social responsibility can attract customers. A poll conducted by Opinion Research Corporation shows that 89% of purchases by adult are influenced by a company’s reputation. Social responsibility also benefits ompanies by enabling them to recruit a high quality labor force. The reputa tion of the firm and the goodwill associated with socially responsible actions attract talented prospective employee, that is, people seeking an employer for whom they would be proud to work. At Cadbury Nigeria plc, the concept of CSR is seen as a continuing commitment by business to behave ethically in ways that will contribute to economic development of the nation. It is also expected to improve the quality of life of not only the company’s workforce and families but also that of the local community as well as the society at large. Business Day, Newspaper, 13th October, 2003) Over the last decades there has been an apparent shift from adopting more responsible business practices as a result of regulatory citations, consumer complaints and special interest group pressures, to proactive research exploring corporate solutions to social problems and incorporating new business practices that will support these issues. This shift has been due to: †¢ increasing evidence being documented and shared, demonstrating that socially responsible business practices can actually increase profits. the fact that in our global market place, consumers have more options and can make choices based on the criteria beyond product, price and distribution channels. Research emphasized that consumers are also basing their purchase decisions on reputation for fair and sustainable business practices and perceptions of commitment to the community’s welfare. †¢ the fact that Investors and other stakeholders may also be the driving force with increased public scrutiny and use of more sophisticated pressure tactics, including use of technology and power of internet. Interest in increased worker productivity and retention which has turned corporate heads towards ways to improve satisfaction and well being. (Cocacola bottler in South Africa launching an HIV/AIDS prevention program in the work place). †¢ Technology and increased third party reporting having been giv en increased visibility and coverage of corporate activities, especially when things go wrong, as with current corporate scandals that have made the public more suspicious of business creating the need for business to put a positive shine on their activities.This is even more critical today with instant access to twenty four (24) hours news channel such as CNN outline news articles and e-mail alerts. †¢ The bar for full disclosure appears have been raised, moving potential customers from a â€Å"consumer beware† attitude to an expectation that they will be fully informed as regards practices including product content, sources of raw materials and manufacturing processes. Advocate of CSR argues that companies with good social and environmental records will perform better in the long run than those that do not behave responsibly. This is because customers will like to patronize anyOlanrewaju 023 company with good social and environmental records more than companies without such records as they will be seen to have identified with the community. It has been argued that since Corporate Social Responsibility can enhance a company’s image, it raises the question of whether or not CSR was embarked upon solely for corporate self interest, company or their chief executives may be politically motivated when making corporate donations. But Black (1989) objecting to this self interest motive maintains that in CSR, the company giving funds does not attempt to gain any advertising benefit or undue identification.The company is contented with the belief that CSR is good business. Responsibilities of a firm To achieve set objectives, every firm owes various duties to all the stakeholders, and these must be fulfilled. These responsibilities are discussed below: †¢ Duty to protect the well-being of people in its environment. A firm’s primary duty is to protect the well being of those living in its environment; its operations or practice. For examp le, a firm wishing to carry out banking business must first be incorporated under the Companies and Allied Matter Act (CAMA), 1990 and then valid licence from the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).Its operations should be in line with the provisions of the Bank and Other Financial Institutions Acts (BOFIA), 1991, the CBN Act, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporations (NDIC) Acts, the Money Laundry Act 2004 and other banking laws. †¢ The firm should produce goods and services that are not harmful to the people. A manufacturing company should not produce goods that may cause death to people. Similarly, in the course of maximizing profit, a bank should not finance illegal projects, say, provide finance for the illegal purchase of ammunition, or abeit illegal transfer by unpatriotic citizens or politicians. A firm should not deceive others. Deception, in this way, can take various forms, namely; failing to include all the required quantities and quality materials for producing a particular product, but may still indicate on the package that the normal quality were involved; colluding with the external auditor to render false financial statements to shareholders, regulating authorities and members of the public, with a view to declaring false profit; preparing two sets of accounts or returns, i. e. ccurate and false accounts, and sending the false one to the regulatory authorities and the accurate one to the shareholders, to conceal some facts in the course of bank supervision and examination. †¢ An organization should enter into fair binding contract with its customers, creditors, employees, suppliers etc. all terms and conditions of the contract should be well stated by the firm and well understood by the parties concerned. It is important for a firm to discharge its duties under the contract at all times.For example, a customer granted credit facility should be allowed to repay under the agreed terms and conditions for which the loan was granted. †¢ Duty to make reasonable return to shareholders in accordance with the level of investment. The ordinary shareholder takes the highest risk in business, hence it is the duty of management of a company to utilize the resources of the company effectively to generate profit, the bulk of which should go to the ordinary shareholder.The firm should ensure that the market price of the company’s share is attractive to the public. When this is done, the owner’s economic welfare is maximized through high return on capital usually reflected on the market price of shares of the company. †¢ Duty to minimize harmful effect of substance. In the course of doing business, firms are bound to engage in activities whose effects may be harmful or distasteful to the members of the organization and the public.For example, hospital, police, radio, and television stations, telecommunication business provide twenty-four hours service to their customers and client, an indica tion that the employees of these organizations must be on duty every hour of the day. To be effective and efficient, there is need for shift duty. Although coming to work at night or very early in the morning might not be palatable with all employees, this is in evitable; thus, a fair compensation, in terms of shift hazards and inconvenience allowances, should be paid to the employees concerned. This will strengthen their commitment.Similarly oil and gas industries should pay high compensation to the people living in the area where oil and gases are produced, as this could compensate for the environment degradation of the area and other problems encountered by the people living in the community. Also bank staff that work outside the normal banking hours should be paid compensation allowance. †¢ Duty to pay reasonable salaries and wages to the employees. It is the duty of the firm to use the revenue generated from its business activities to pay fair and reasonable compensation i n the forms of salaries and allowances to workers.This should be commensurate with the services rendered. However, it will be unethical, unfair and an act of irresponsibility for a firm to ask the workers to perform task that will expose them to serious danger, risk, or unprofessional practices, all in the interest of robust salaries and allowances. For example, a situation where banks set unachievable deposit targets for staff by employing ‘beautiful’ ladies and ‘handsome’ men to run after money-bags to attract deposits. This encourages fraud and prostitution.A staff that fails to meet the target knowing full well that he would be sacked might resort to stealing to raise more funds or resort to prostitution. In like manner, a firm that pays reasonable returns on capital will enjoy continuous investment of shareholders. †¢ Duty to use part of the firm’s profit to provide 024 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. amenities that promote the common good of t he community in which it operates. †¢ Duty to embark on projects that brings about the expansion and improvement in the company’s operations.Firms that expand create additional employment opportunities to the community, and this will lessen crime rates. Similarly goods are made available at affordable prices, thereby meeting the needs and satisfaction of the consumers. This encourages good standard of living of people in the community. †¢ Duty to honor obligations to the government in terms of payments of taxes an levies, thereby making fund available to the government to provide infrastructure facilities and meet the recurrent expenditures with a view to promoting national development.Social responsibility to stakeholders An organization should fulfill its social responsibilities to the following stakeholders for it to achieve its set objectives. For instance, using a Bank as a case study, the stakeholders will include: a. Customers market prices of the shares of t he bank in the stock market; †¢ Ensuring safe investments through good and sound management to prevent distress; †¢ Issuing bonus share from time to tome; †¢ Keeping the shareholders informed of the bank’s performances through annual general meetings, newsletters and information bulletins. . Employees †¢ Offer efficient services †¢ Make savings and withdrawals of money less time consuming by reducing the waiting time; †¢ Ensure adequate liquidity so that cash withdrawals is met promptly; †¢ Pay competitive rate of interest on saving and deposit, in line with the CBN‘s credit and monetary guidelines; †¢ Charges reasonable interest rates and commissions; †¢ Ensure safety of deposit so much so that the customers can deposit his money in the bank and go to sleep; †¢ Provide a conducive environment for banking activities, e. g. pacious and well ventilated banking hall, security for valuables and vehicles within the bank premi ses’ and †¢ Make secret of the affairs between the bank and customers to protect the interest of the customers. b. Shareholders †¢ Provide a conducive working environment i. e. make available modern working tools and equipment, ventilated offices, good infrastructure, decent and official cars, health and safety equipment at the workplace etc; †¢ Pay competitive salary remuneration commensurate with the level of commitment †¢ Offer opportunities for career development, e. . inducement for taking professional examination; †¢ Train and develop employees through continuous learning at seminars, conferences, workshop, with the view to update their knowledge base, to meet rapid changes in the banking environment. ; †¢ Keep employees adequately informed on the policies, procedures and rules relating to day-to-day banking operations. This can be done through newsletters, bulletins, meetings, etc; †¢ Involve employees in decisions affecting them, to ensure their total commitment and loyalty; †¢ Maintaining equal opportunities among employees, i. . there should be no preferential treatment or favourism; †¢ Establish clear cut bargaining and grievance procedures that will be known and followed by all employees. d. Government †¢ Being a responsible corporate entity or citizen, provide credit facilities to various sectors of the economy, with a view to ensuring the economic development of the country; †¢ Comply with the laws and regulations rescribed by regulatory authorities like the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporate, etc; †¢ Assist government in funding and promoting social activities, such as sponsoring sports programmes, contributions towards combating diseases e. g. AIDS, etc. e. The Public If banks are to guarantee continuous investment of their shareholders, they have the duty of: †¢ Ensuring effective performance by utilizing the capital invested in the bank to ma ximize profit. †¢ Paying good dividends, i. e. reasonable returns commensurate with the capital investment.Maximizing the owner’s wealth by ensuring good . Banks are socially responsible to the banking public, in general, and members of the community in which they are situated, in particular, in the following ways: Olanrewaju 025 †¢ Development of the environment through provision of basic facilities like good drinking water, donations to development associations, bringing banking services to the rural areas, indigenous lending, etc. †¢ Creation and maintenance of employment opportunities to qualified members of the community. This encourages loyalty, commitment and cooperation from the community. Participation in community activities, such as donations to community to celebrations, awarding scholarship to deserving members of the community, etc, and †¢ Using the skills of employees to develop charitable goods and services. MODERN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSI BILITY Modern CSR was born during 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro when United Nations sponsored recommendations on regulation were rejected in favour of a manifesto for voluntary self-regulation put forward by a coalition of companies called the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).Its version of events was endorsed by the US, the UK and other Western governments. The British government for example, is still a vocal supporter of voluntarism. Such resistance to regulation seem to have left the worst corporate abusers effectively unrestrained and the victims of their actions adequate means of redress. Whatever responsible initiatives companies choose to carry out on their own behalf binding international standards of corporate behavior must be established to guarantee that the rights of people and the environment in developing countries like Nigeria are properly protected.It is hence recommended that there should be international regulation backed up by natio nal legislation, to ensure the enforcement of real social responsibility on the corporate world. Introducing the threat of prosecution and legal action with resulting detailed disclosure of company documents would create powerful incentives for companies to behave responsibly.At a national level, Government should †¢ Adopt new laws to make corporate social and environmental reporting and disclosure mandatory for British companies including the disclosure of payments to overseas government, information on the social and environmental impact of overseas operations and details of legal actions against companies. †¢ Frame new responsibilities for companies directors to give them a ‘duty of care’ for communities and their environment, making them legally accountable for the actions of their companies overseas. Change the law to enable people harmed by British companies’ overseas operations to seek redress in UK court and to provide the resources to enable th em do so. What Drives Corporate Social Responsibilities Defending public image If companies behave improperly, they can be got at through the court of international public opinion. The first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposure of poor company behavior. CSR was supposed to show that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Prof.Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School argues that CSR is all defensive effort, a PR games in which companies primarily react to deal with the critics and the pressure from activists. Attracting investors companies that proactively engage with sustainable development agenda and its advocate in the investment world should generate support, interest and understanding among investors. This will ultimately ascribe a premium to share price. CSR makes companies attractive to both mainstream investors and to the fast growing ethical-investment sector.Many investors now believe that social and environmental riskmanageme nt improves a company’s market value in the long term. Permission to operate CSR has, of late become a vital component in companies’ effort to gain approval for projects carrying significant political and social risks. Lobbying against regulations â€Å"one of the key functions of CSR is to enable further deregulations by pointing to the involvement of business in ethical and sustainable activities and to indicate that multi-stakeholder dialogue with civil society obviates the need for binding regulation† (David Miller, Sterling Media Research Institute).I believe that companies’ voluntary measures can help improve private-sector behavior. But voluntary activity is no substitute for regulation and there is evidence that companies that espouse voluntary approaches to meeting social and environmental standards are also involved in resisting external regulation, especially by government. Concept of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria To be able to u nderstand CSR from a Nigerian perspective it is of value to explore the drivers for, and 026 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. the history and development of CSR in Nigeria.The World Business Council for sustainable Development has discussed CSR with business and non-business stakeholders in a number of countries in the world with the objective of understanding local perspectives better and to get different perceptions of what CSR should mean from a number of different societies. (http:www. cecodes. org. co). One important finding in this study was that people were talking about the role of the private sector in relation to a social agenda and they saw that role as increasingly linked to the overall well-being of society.Therefore the chosen priorities differed according to the perception of local needs. The key CSR issues identified in the study included Human rights, Employee rights, Environmental protection, Community involvement and Supplier relations. The book â€Å"Corporate Citize nship in Developing Countries† (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) contains a chapter about revisiting Carroll’s CSR pyramid from a Nigerian perspective. Most of the research on Carroll’s CSR pyramid has been in an American context and in this report an attempt is made to look on how CSR manifests itself in a Nigerian context.In Nigeria, economic responsibility still get the most emphasis while philanthropy is given second highest priority, followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. According to the report there are many reasons for this. Firstly, the socio-economic needs of the Nigeria societies in which companies operate are so huge that philanthropy has become an expected norm. Companies also understand that they cannot succeed in societies that fail. Secondly, many Nigerian societies have become dependent on foreign aid and there is an ingrained culture of philanthropy in Nigeria.A third reason, according to the report, is that CSR is still at an early sta ge in Nigeria, sometimes even equating philanthropy. It is important to stress that in Nigeria philanthropy is more than charitable giving. HIV/AIDS is an example where the response by business is essentially philanthropic but clearly in companies own economic interests. The low priority for legal responsibilities is, according to the study, not due to the fact that Nigeria companies ignore the law but the pressure for governance and CSR is not so immense.Ethical perspective seems to have the least influence on the CSR agenda. This is not to say that African businesses are unethical. For example, the King Report in 2003 (http://www. corporate compliance. org) was the first global corporate governance code to talk about ‘stakeholders’ and to stress the importance of business accountability beyond the interests of shareholders. Ajadi (2006), in a conference paper on Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria delivered at British Council conference on CSR in Nigeria, 2006, specifies some additional specific drivers for CSR in Nigeria: The failure of centralized, government controlled economy to develop the country †¢ The extraordinary transaction cost to business of corruption and other failures of social capital †¢ The history of conflict and waste in the extractive industry exemplified by the Niger Delta saga †¢ The Nigerian population whose majority is under the age of 25 and is largely ignored despite the fact that they are critical to the survival and future prosperity of business and the country at large. †¢ The potential benefit of a commercially active and productive country of over 140 million potential consumers.The drivers for CSR in the west are to be found within areas such as increased brand value, greater access to finance, a healthier and safer workforce, stronger risk management and corporate governance, motivated people, customer loyalty, enhanced confidence and trust of stakeholders as well as enhanced public im age. These drivers may not necessarily be applicable to Nigerian companies. Most indigenous companies in Nigeria are privately held, family owned and operated. Local consumer and civil society pressures are almost nonexistent and law enforcement mechanisms are weak. (Amaeshi, Adi, Ogbechie and Amao. 006). There are numerous ways of implementing CSR in an organization. CSR practices can address environmental issues, social issues or both. The implementation can be done by integrating CSR in the business or it can be run as a project. Sometimes there are CSR strategies and policies framing the CSR agenda, sometimes there are not. According to world Business Council for sustainable Development (Lohman and Steinholtz, 2003) an active CSR work might include areas such as: †¢ The management of the organization clearly declares its views and obligations towards the society and its stakeholders. The organization develops and implements clear policies. †¢ The organization has rules for purchasing including social and environmental concerns. †¢ The organization reduces its â€Å"ecological footprints†, both in production and in the process of production. †¢ The organization has objectives with regard to environmental and social concerns. †¢ The organization shows an active engagement with regard to the development of its local society. †¢ Consumers are educated on how products ought to be used. †¢ The organization informs about all its different business areas in a transparent manner.For most businesses operating in Nigeria whether small or large, local or national, the transaction cost of operating is often unpredictable. At the heart of this difficulty is the obvious problem of operating in a low trust Olanrewaju 027 economy. For many businesses the cost of paying upfront on cash flow or delayed payment; the difficulty of investing in people development; the challenge of high volume cash transactions are all part of a severely eroded social capital. At the core of this issue is the role of business partnership with government and others to exemplify and model behaviors that restore optimism and improves trust.The challenges that face a business in Nigeria are unique because CSR can probably not be optional in such a climate. In a country where the social, health, education and environmental needs are so prevalent, where government resources are so stretched, where everyday people live on the breadline, business any other way is not only unethical, it is most probably not sustainable. Implementation of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria Annually, limited liability companies in Nigeria give reports of their social responsibility efforts. These are in four major identifiable areas; viz: a.The immediate environment of the company where the interest of the neighbours of the given companies are taken care of as much as is practicable (Bello, 1988) b. Locating worthy national or state activities to su pport. In this respect, educational, sporting and cultural activities are sponsored by companies as forms of social responsibility. Also, scholarships, training facilities, and other forms of support are often provided for students. c. Responding to major disasters. Such disasters may originate from nature or it may be accidental like the bomb explosion at the Ikeja cantonment on Sunday, January 27, 2002.In the oil industry, there had been several reported cases of oil spills damage farmlands, crops, forests and water. Others like fire, flood, drought and erosion are also responded to. Various types of materials are made available to victims of such disasters. d. Diversification of activities to areas of importance in the nation’s economic development. For example, Guinness plc invested funds in two major eyeclinics in Nigeria, and Texaco Oil Producing and Marketing Company diversified into agricultural activities of cultivating cassava and processing Garri [Cassava flour].Be fore the United Kingdom developed its CSR policy, Gordon Brown, prior to becoming the prime Minister said; today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past, donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year and is instead an all year round responsibility that companies accept for the environment around them†¦ now we need to move towards a challenging measure of corporate responsibility, where we judge results not just by the input but by its outcomes: the difference we make to the world in which we live, and the contribution we make to poverty reduction† (Corporate Social Responsibility – A Government Update: www.Csr. gov. uk). There is no doubt the committee saddled with the responsibility of developing a CSR policy for Nigeria will learn from the countries (especially developing ones) that have adopted and are implementing such policies successfully. Prior to the above declaration of the Federal Government, Nigeria did not have a CSR policy . Several companies operating here took the initiative to develop a CSR guideline or code for themselves.It is not out of place for a study to have found that indigenous firms perceive and practice CSR as corporate philanthropy aimed at addressing socio-economic development challenges in Nigeria. This finding confirms that CSR is a localized and socially embedded construct, as the ‘waves’, ‘issues’ and ‘modes’ of CSR practices identified amongst indigenous firms in Nigeria reflect the firms’ responses to their socio-economic context† (Amaeshi et al: 2006) One of the leading telecommunication companies in Nigeria, MTN Nigeria, developed a CSR policy direction document in 2004 in conjunction with a consulting outfit.The company has since gone ahead to establish MTN Foundation to lead its CSR policy implementation locally. A search for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility by indigenous firms in Nigeria by Dotun Atilade, m entioned that elements of social responsibility include investment in community outreach, employee relations, creation and maintenance of employment , environmental responsibility, human rights and financial performance.It is about producing and / or delivering socially and environmentally responsible products and /or services in an environmentally and socially responsible manner while openness, accountability and transparency are some of the new key words covering a vast range of issues. A sustained bench mark for studying CSR practice, as suggested by Moon (2002), emphasizes waves, issues and modes; ‘waves (1) community involvement (2) socially responsible production process and (3) socially responsible employee relations, issues CSR practices emphasizes e. g. nvironmental , education, employee welfare , health and safety and modes through which they are implemented e. g. philanthropy foundation and codes. The result of these activities has been discovered to be shaped by Ni gerian corporate Governance framework and socio-economic conditions as reported in some research on the CSR activities of indigenous companies. The European Union’s Green Paper on CSR defines it as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environment concerns in their business operations and in 028 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. heir interactions with their stake holders on a voluntary base. Mark Maxwell and Siegel (2001) as actions that appears to further some social groups beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law while the CSR constructs is a new coinage, it is not a new practice. It could be traced back to such example as the th th Quakers in 17 and 18 Century whose business philosophy was not primarily driven by profits maximization but to add value to the society at large. Business was framed as part of the society and not separate from it.The resurgent interest in the practice provides a fertile ground for different discourses and actors wh ich lends it to multiple and contested. (Moon, 2002). A common strand that runs through most of these studies suggests that meaning and practice of CSR is social culturally embedded. CSR in Nigeria would be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the social economic development challenges of the country (poverty alleviation, health care provision, infrastructure development, structure, education, etc and would be informed by social cultural influences (e. g. communalism and charity).This might not necessarily reflect the popular western standard/expectations of CSR (e. g. consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, and social responsible investments) etc. At Zenith Bank, Corporate Social Responsibility is not just a buzz word; it’s a way of life. To emphasize this belief Zenith Bank set up Zenith philanthropy, a fully functional department responsible for identifying areas, sectors and causes of the serving of philanthropic aid. Zenith phila nthropy is the channel through which Zenith bank gives back to the society.Zenith bank sees giving back to society as a serious and passionate cause. Today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year, but rather, an all year round responsibility that companies accept the environment around them for the best working practices for their engagement in their local communities and for their local communities and for their recognition that brand names depends not only on quality, price and uniqueness but on how cumulatively they interact with companies work force community and environment.There are a lot of damages these companies are doing to the environment like local air pollution such as particulates, and the damage caused by the over-use and pollution of fresh water, the â€Å"social impacts† such as the migration of people driven out of affected areas , the toxic waste heavy waters users like food, drink and clothing companies are releasing into the environment. The aim of this study is to encourage and help investors lobby companies to reduce their environmental impact before concerned governments act to restrict them through taxes or regulations.The companies can give up the excess profit now, if they want a world in which it's possible to make any money at all, later. If we go on failing to put a price on the environment, we'll make the planet uninhabitable. The entire basis for freedom and for a sound economy is that if you want something, you have to pay for it. And right now, we're not paying for the environment, we're taking from it. What happens when the resources we have effectively doled out for free run out?We're already getting an idea with the oceans, where CO2 pollution is making them so acid that it is literally dissolving the shells of shellfish and killing them off. Literally, Nigerian banking industry and telecommunication industry today operate in what can be desc ribed as the â€Å"enemy’s territory†, with hardly any identifiable friend in the polity. Everyone has an axe to grind with them, the fact that they are needed to foster individual and collective business growth notwithstanding.While government sees them as being selfish and responsible for most of the problems of the economy, the regulatory authorities look at them and their operators with suspicion. To the public, employees of banking industry and telecommunication are privileged, over-pampered and over-paid â€Å"cheats† and â€Å"liars† who thrive at the expense of the rest of the society. Banking industry and the telecommunication industry are seen as making â€Å"hugeâ€Å" profits in a depressed economy. In effect, they are milking the economy dry instead of growing it.This perception is in fact miles away from the impression of renowned economist of yester-years. They are believed to foster economic growth in any economy. Adams Smith (1910) left no doubt as to what the role of banks in economic growth should be. However, the allegations leveled against banking and telecommunication industries can never be wished away and these are impacting negatively on