A Whisper of Aids Rhetorical Analysis Paper

Shayan Momin Momin 1 Mr. Pople AP English III, Period 7 12 October 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† In 1891, Voltairine de Cleyre wrote The Philosophy of Selfishness and Metaphysical Ethics, critiquing the selfish and egoistic mindset of society. This same mindset is critiqued by Mary Fisher in â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS†. She uses rationally emotional rhetoric in order to criticize this â€Å"self-ism† that exists in the world. Fisher begins by speaking of the non-existent impacts of movements that have attempted to raise awareness about AIDS.She utilizes the word â€Å"despite† in consecutive phrases to show that â€Å"despite science and research† and â€Å"good intentions†, nothing significant has occurred because â€Å"the epidemic is [still] winning†. Through her usage of repetition, it is inferable that society has ignored these efforts due to the way of thinking that was scorched by de Cleyre. This ignorance fr om the public reveals how deeply rooted this â€Å"self-ism† is in our society. And to extend her point even further, she says that the â€Å"White House† has attempted to try to raise awareness about AIDS.Her reference to the government further exposes the stubbornness of society to change their selfish way of life. She tries to say that even with the government pushing for this cause, the public still refuses to take action. But even the government isn’t doing much. Fisher mentions the â€Å"campaign slogans† and â€Å"hopeful promises† that were made by the government with a sarcastic tone. This implies that the speaker believes that even our federal government has a mindset of selfishness. But this is only the beginning of her attack on society. Momin 2She goes on to blame society for the magnitude of the virus’s impacts. She says that by ignoring the virus and the people affected by it, society has â€Å"helped [the virus] along† and that we â€Å"have killed each other with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence†. Her usage of a list explains in what ways society has committed such a crime. And all of this is due to the existence of a mindset that promotes self-centration, a mindset that calls for the ignorance of all others who coexist with you. The connotation of â€Å"killed† has a double effect.First, its negative connotation creates an image in one’s head of a mob of people destroying one another. It represents how severe the aftermath of the virus has been. The second effect, one that is deeper, and somewhat hidden, is that the word â€Å"killed† implies the killing of open-mindedness and selflessness. It shows how people hurt each other, knock each other down, and even kill each other for their own selfish desires. In this case, society has ignored the AIDS virus because they have the thought that â€Å"If I don’t have it, I shouldn’t care about itâ € .This kind of thinking has lay ruin for the victims of this virus, who have been hurt even more due to the ignorance of society towards such a major problem. Fisher refers to empirics in order to prove the detrimental effects of having a selfish society. She speaks of how her grandfather had heard the Pastor Niemoeller say that when â€Å"[the Nazis] came after the Jews†, he didn’t protest because he wasn’t a Jew. When the Nazis â€Å"came after the Trade Unionists†, the pastor did not protest because he wasn’t a Trade Unionist. But when the Nazis â€Å"came after [the pastor]†, â€Å"there was no one left to protest†.The parallelism used here helps to better define the impacts of a self-minded society, supporting the speaker’s main purpose which is to critique the â€Å"self-ism† that exists today. This quote is significant in another way as well. The way the pastor reacted to the Nazi invasion is the same way peop le are reacting Momin 3 to the AIDS and HIV virus. They are mirror reflections of each other. It shows that people will only learn when they are victimized. When this happened to the pastor, he then realized his mistake. But in this case, if people will only learn through victimization, the result would be catastrophic.Fisher says how â€Å"a million† are infected now; if this is what is to happen, billions will be exposed to the virus. Through this foreshadowing, the author is able to convince the reader that self-centration will lead to our demise. Unless we become aware. Mary Fisher’s critiquing of society’s selfishness and self-mindedness makes the reader aware of the dangers of having such a mindset. Her purpose is to point out that in order to help raise awareness of HIV; we must first rid ourselves of such a malignant way of thinking.

A Film Analysis of Inception

A Film Analysis of Inception If â€Å"true inspiration is impossible to fake,† explains a character in Christopher Nolan’s existentialist heist film Inception and If that’s the case, then Inception is one of the realest films ever made. In July of 2012 Nolan crafted a movie that’s beyond brilliant and layered both narratively and thematically. It requires the audience to take in a collection of rules, exceptions, locations, jobs, and abilities in order to understand the text, let alone the fascinating of the subtext.Nolan’s magnum opus is his first major blockbuster in over a decade that demanded an intense viewer concentration. It raised thoughtful and complex ideas, wrapping everything in a breathlessly exciting action film. Inception may be complicated, but simply put it’s one of the best movies of 2010. Inception requires so much exposition that a lesser director would have forced theaters to distribute pamphlets to audience members in or der to explain the complicated world he’s developed.The movie centers on a team of individuals led by an â€Å"extractor† named Dom Cobb (Leonardo DiCaprio) who is a thief who commits corporate espionage by infiltrating the subconscious mind of his target. When he is offered a chance to regain his old life as payment for a task considered to be impossible. He constructs a dream of a high value target and used this dreams to implant an idea so the target will make a decision beneficial to the individual who hired Dom Cobb. To give a full description of this movie would almost take as long as watching the movie it self but that is why I choose to do a review on Inception.This creation of Director Nolan and Wally Pfister is both gripping and complex in the way that they apply the uses of lighting and angles, CGI, music, and mise en scene to create a master piece that has yet to be imitated or duplicated. To know the movie, one needs to know who wrote it, produced it, and directed it. He was born in London, England in 1970, where Christopher Nolan began making films at the young age of seven using his father's super 8mm camera and an assortment of malefaction figures. He graduated to making films involving real people and his super 8mm surreal short film Tarantella was shown on PBS Image Union in 1989.Chris studied English Literature at University College London while starting to make 16mm films at the College Film Society. His short film Larceny was shown at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996, and his other 16mm shorts include a three- minute surreal film called The Doodlebug. Major films that he has directed are The Following, Memento, Insomnia, Batman Begins, The Prestige, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises and he is currently producing the Man of Steel, a remake of Superman, set to be released in 2013.Most of his movies are based in action and adventure but still have a little bit of science fiction, which gives the film a surreal feeling to them. Nolan usually begins his movies with a personal touch by introducing the main character/s with a Close-up shot of their hands. He is also known for making use of flashbacks or scenes from the end of the movie as an opening. Most of the movies that he directs are usually about characters who have some kind of psychological disorders or who develop a physical or psychological handicap throughout the film.In the case of Inception, the main character Dom Cobb wakes up on the shore with his hands trying to reach or point out to his children who were playing with the sand. This scene reappears again in the end and plays an important role to explain the essence of the movie. The psychological handicap that is portrayed within the main character, can also be considered the main protagonist in this movie but that is not revealed until the closing scene of the movie. The Cinematographer Walter C. Wally† Pfister is known for his work with Christopher Nolan’s films, includin g Memento, Insomnia, Batman Begins, The Prestige, The Dark Knight, and The Dark Knight Rises. He has worked on the Italian Job and Moneyball. Pfister is known for using the hard cuts and cross cutting method, to build up the suspense in the audience. Along with this editing style he places ending scenes at the start of sequences to make the viewers ask what is going on. This is common in a great deal of suspenseful and mystery films, as is the cross cutting method which is seen every day on daytime television.This kind of cinematography gets you into the storyline and has you sitting on the edge of your seat waiting for the resolve, while at the same time being other part of the world. Without this method of editing you would see one story after another and I really think that boredom would set in and your mind would not be challenged with what could be and we would be left wanting more. The way he builds the suspense and holds back on some of the facts in this film, place it snuggl y as a mystery film but with all the car chases, explosions, and gun fights it gets a stronger action film label but is not lacking on the depth in the story.Add in the CGI that Pfister uses to create the dreams and challenge reality, and you have a movie that cannot be place into any one genre. The use of CGI and camera angles in this movie was just breathtaking. To watch the city being folded without disrupting the gravity was a wonderful undertaking and If you are an avid film watcher then you could easily compare that scene with the scene from Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire, (Donen, 1951) where he is dancing on the ceiling and walls.It’s a classic use of time honored techniques, where the shaking of the camera gives you the illusion that the dream world is crumbling when the architect is removed. This technique was also used in Star Trek to make the viewer think the ship was really under attack and the hits they were taking were hard and devastating. These simple effects that were used in this dream world, gives one the illusion that in this dream world the architect can play god. The time structure was also altered to stress the altered and lengthened time lines in each dream, capitalizing on the elapsed time that is gain when traveling from dream into a dream.This time ration was actually matched within each film sequence and speed, as all the dreams where not moving at the same speed, which is explained in the movie. So Pfister uses this multiplication of time to slow down reality and allowed the characters in a layered dream sequences to more time to accomplish their mission. This technique was also done with the sound as well, as the composer Hans Zimmer used the same song though out the movie but in each level of the dream, the music was slowed down. Nolan, 2010) This kind of scene matching is something Hans Zimmer is known for with his work in music. Zimmer also worked on Lion King as well. Using the same elements from the scenes and incorpo rating them into the sound. One of the other elements to his composing that is not seen in many other composers is that he tries not to match what will happen to the score. Meaning that he would lead the audience with the music, as a horror/suspense film would. A classic example would be Jaws and the known and anticipated â€Å" ba†¦ da†¦ ba†¦da†¦ba da ba da aaaa!! † He wants you to be truly surprised at how the scene plays out. So Zimmer plays a score that would enhance the scene but not give away the ending before it happens. In this way, the score and sound effects maintain the same non-linear form as the story line does. When dealing with dreams you cannot maintain a linear story line. This film had to utilize a non-linear storyline, keeping the audience wondering what is going to happen next. It creates in your own mind, more questions to add to the one you began with.This constant â€Å"make you think† aspect of the film allows the audience to use their own imagination to fill in any blanks they might have, in collaboration with the psychological puzzle that is placed before you, you cannot help but be mesmerized by some of the breath taking visuals and non linear scenes. The main characters protagonist changes as your understanding of the film evolves. This adds a sense of confusion and leave room for debate, as you discuss this film with others. As the story unfolds you learn more and more about the psychological stress this man must be under.The understanding of his psychological distress will later add to a greater understanding of what is and has transpired. This stress was something Leonardo DeCaprio adapted to very well, as did all of the actors in playing their parts rather well, considering some of them have a stigma about their abilities that has left them in comedies and dramas, being unable to broaden their horizons as an actor. The supporting actors in this movie provided more than simple time filling lines. They add as much to the story and plot as the main character, if not more at times.The director, Christopher Nolan, is known for choosing talent that may not fall into the part but makes them have to work to enhance it. He chose actors that would fill the part, but they did so with a progression of their own style. For example one of the co-stars, Joseph Gordon-Levitt is best known for his role on Third Rock from the Sun. (Turner, 1996) He is not known for playing an action star but within this film he is just that, an action, shooting the â€Å"bad guys,† saving the day, and even fighting in yet another â€Å"Fred Astaire† sequence with the rotating hallway.The combinations that Nolan uses in this movie is a masterpiece in itself without the characters but it is the characters that define this movie. The main character of this movie is Dom Cobb. His character is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Cobb is the Extractor in the dream field. He enters into other people’ s dreams, plants an idea in the targets’ mind and then steals their secrets. Due to his previous experience in the dream field, he is hired to steal secrets from Saito; a business man that turns the tables on Cobb. Cobb finds out they want him to do â€Å"inception,† which is the planting of an idea in the target’s mind.Cobb takes the job offer so hopefully one day he can go back to his family. DiCaprio heads out to find similar experienced people to form a team together. Once he finds the people he needs, they start coming up with ideas to plant in the targets’ mind. His team helpers include: Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Arthur, Ellen Page as Ariadne, Tom Hardy as Eames, and Dileep Rao as Yusuf. As they start planting their ideas, Cobb’s dead wife Mallorie â€Å"Mal† Cob, played by Marion Cotillard, keeps interfering in the dreams. With her interfering, it is hard for Cobb to keep focus on what he is trying to do for his job.All the characters p lay an extremely different roll from one another in the movie. They all have individual, special talents and different jobs to contribute to the planting of ideas. Page, who plays Ariadne, is the Architect. She is a graduate student who Cobb recruits to build the dream- scapes, which they call mazes. Her job is extremely important because she has to make sure every maze is precise. If not, everything could go wrong in the process of planting the idea in the targets’ mind. Levitt plays Arthur as Cobb’s Point Man.His job is to be responsible for researching their targets. Rao is Yusuf, the Chemist. They need him to make the drugs needed to sustain the dream states. Without him, the rest of the team and their targets, could not go into the dream state. The last character to talk about is Hardy. He plays Eames, the Forger, Cobb’s associate. Hardy uses his ability to manipulate dreams. The connections that the characters have with each other are typical for a superio r action movie, but Cobb and Mal’s relationship is why Inception stands apart from other action movieThe impact that Inceptions had on society was not as dramatic or frightening as some movies are, but it does show a darker side of the immense greed in this world and can make you wonder about the lengths that some people might go to, to obtain wealth or power, the boundaries the government will push to make them better then the enemy, or even the lengths one man might go for his family. These features of this film make it a very cerebral film. These make you think about how far you are willing to go to get what you want.How much are you willing to put others lives in danger to acquire what you think it is you need? Do the ends justify the means when you are dealing with human lives? While others that have watched this film argue that the film itself is a metaphor for film-making and that the filmgoing experience itself, images flashing before one's eyes in a darkened room, is akin to a dream. Jonah Lehrer also wrote in Wired that he supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping.In both, the visual cortex is highly active and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with logic, deliberate analysis, and self-awareness, is quiet. (Lehrer, 2010) Whereas Paul argued that the experience of going to a theater is itself an exercise in shared dreaming, particularly when viewing Inception: the film's sharp cutting between scenes forces the viewer to create larger narrative arcs to stitch the pieces together. This demand of production parallel to consumption of the images, on the part of the audience is analogous to dreaming itself.As in the film's story, in a cinema one enters into the space of another's dream, in this case Nolan's, as with any work of art, one's reading of it is ultimately influenced by one's own subjective desires and subconscious. (Paul, 2010) I personall y liked this film and was happy when I decided to review it. My take on this film was that the whole thing was but a dream within a dream, where the main character â€Å"Cobb† (played by Leonardo DeCaprio) (Nolan, 2010) is able to manipulate everyone in his entourage, except his wife.He knew that Ariaden (played by Ellen Page) would return the next day even though you are led to believe that his wife killed herself, because she felt she was still in the dream. I feel she was still in a dream and was able to escape, while he is still trapped inside a dream thinking it is reality. Which he lost his grip on when she â€Å"killed herself† but his subconscious is using her to help him but at the same time, his logic and emotion is preventing him from seeing the truth and in the end he is blinded by it. It really is a lot to wrap your brain around when you just want to watch a ovie for entertainment value but it does have something for everyone, even if it is a little drawn out between climaxes but the overall premise behind the idea of Inception was wonderful and the fact that it made you think about the movie was quite refreshing. References Allers, R. &Hahn, D. (1994). The Lion King. United States: Walt Disney. Breznican, A. (2010). â€Å"With Inception, Chris Nolan’s head games continue. † USA Today. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Donen, S. &Freed, A. (1951). Royal Wedding. United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Goodykoontz, B & Jacobs, C. (2011).Film: From Watching to Seeing. Retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu Lehrer, J. (2010). The Neuroscience of Inception. Wired, July 26, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Nolan, C. & Thomas, E. (2010). Inception. United States: Legendary Pictures. Paul, I. (2010). Desiring-Machines in American Cinema: What Inception tells us about our experience of reality and film. Senses of Cinema, Issue 56. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Spielberg, S. &Zanuck, R. (1975). Jaws. United States: Universal Pictures. Tu rner, B. & Turner, T. (1996). 3rd Rock from the Sun. United States: Carsey Werner Company. A Film Analysis of Inception A Film Analysis of Inception If â€Å"true inspiration is impossible to fake,† explains a character in Christopher Nolan’s existentialist heist film Inception and If that’s the case, then Inception is one of the realest films ever made. In July of 2012 Nolan crafted a movie that’s beyond brilliant and layered both narratively and thematically. It requires the audience to take in a collection of rules, exceptions, locations, jobs, and abilities in order to understand the text, let alone the fascinating of the subtext.Nolan’s magnum opus is his first major blockbuster in over a decade that demanded an intense viewer concentration. It raised thoughtful and complex ideas, wrapping everything in a breathlessly exciting action film. Inception may be complicated, but simply put it’s one of the best movies of 2010. Inception requires so much exposition that a lesser director would have forced theaters to distribute pamphlets to audience members in or der to explain the complicated world he’s developed.The movie centers on a team of individuals led by an â€Å"extractor† named Dom Cobb (Leonardo DiCaprio) who is a thief who commits corporate espionage by infiltrating the subconscious mind of his target. When he is offered a chance to regain his old life as payment for a task considered to be impossible. He constructs a dream of a high value target and used this dreams to implant an idea so the target will make a decision beneficial to the individual who hired Dom Cobb. To give a full description of this movie would almost take as long as watching the movie it self but that is why I choose to do a review on Inception.This creation of Director Nolan and Wally Pfister is both gripping and complex in the way that they apply the uses of lighting and angles, CGI, music, and mise en scene to create a master piece that has yet to be imitated or duplicated. To know the movie, one needs to know who wrote it, produced it, and directed it. He was born in London, England in 1970, where Christopher Nolan began making films at the young age of seven using his father's super 8mm camera and an assortment of malefaction figures. He graduated to making films involving real people and his super 8mm surreal short film Tarantella was shown on PBS Image Union in 1989.Chris studied English Literature at University College London while starting to make 16mm films at the College Film Society. His short film Larceny was shown at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996, and his other 16mm shorts include a three- minute surreal film called The Doodlebug. Major films that he has directed are The Following, Memento, Insomnia, Batman Begins, The Prestige, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises and he is currently producing the Man of Steel, a remake of Superman, set to be released in 2013.Most of his movies are based in action and adventure but still have a little bit of science fiction, which gives the film a surreal feeling to them. Nolan usually begins his movies with a personal touch by introducing the main character/s with a Close-up shot of their hands. He is also known for making use of flashbacks or scenes from the end of the movie as an opening. Most of the movies that he directs are usually about characters who have some kind of psychological disorders or who develop a physical or psychological handicap throughout the film.In the case of Inception, the main character Dom Cobb wakes up on the shore with his hands trying to reach or point out to his children who were playing with the sand. This scene reappears again in the end and plays an important role to explain the essence of the movie. The psychological handicap that is portrayed within the main character, can also be considered the main protagonist in this movie but that is not revealed until the closing scene of the movie. The Cinematographer Walter C. Wally† Pfister is known for his work with Christopher Nolan’s films, includin g Memento, Insomnia, Batman Begins, The Prestige, The Dark Knight, and The Dark Knight Rises. He has worked on the Italian Job and Moneyball. Pfister is known for using the hard cuts and cross cutting method, to build up the suspense in the audience. Along with this editing style he places ending scenes at the start of sequences to make the viewers ask what is going on. This is common in a great deal of suspenseful and mystery films, as is the cross cutting method which is seen every day on daytime television.This kind of cinematography gets you into the storyline and has you sitting on the edge of your seat waiting for the resolve, while at the same time being other part of the world. Without this method of editing you would see one story after another and I really think that boredom would set in and your mind would not be challenged with what could be and we would be left wanting more. The way he builds the suspense and holds back on some of the facts in this film, place it snuggl y as a mystery film but with all the car chases, explosions, and gun fights it gets a stronger action film label but is not lacking on the depth in the story.Add in the CGI that Pfister uses to create the dreams and challenge reality, and you have a movie that cannot be place into any one genre. The use of CGI and camera angles in this movie was just breathtaking. To watch the city being folded without disrupting the gravity was a wonderful undertaking and If you are an avid film watcher then you could easily compare that scene with the scene from Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire, (Donen, 1951) where he is dancing on the ceiling and walls.It’s a classic use of time honored techniques, where the shaking of the camera gives you the illusion that the dream world is crumbling when the architect is removed. This technique was also used in Star Trek to make the viewer think the ship was really under attack and the hits they were taking were hard and devastating. These simple effects that were used in this dream world, gives one the illusion that in this dream world the architect can play god. The time structure was also altered to stress the altered and lengthened time lines in each dream, capitalizing on the elapsed time that is gain when traveling from dream into a dream.This time ration was actually matched within each film sequence and speed, as all the dreams where not moving at the same speed, which is explained in the movie. So Pfister uses this multiplication of time to slow down reality and allowed the characters in a layered dream sequences to more time to accomplish their mission. This technique was also done with the sound as well, as the composer Hans Zimmer used the same song though out the movie but in each level of the dream, the music was slowed down. Nolan, 2010) This kind of scene matching is something Hans Zimmer is known for with his work in music. Zimmer also worked on Lion King as well. Using the same elements from the scenes and incorpo rating them into the sound. One of the other elements to his composing that is not seen in many other composers is that he tries not to match what will happen to the score. Meaning that he would lead the audience with the music, as a horror/suspense film would. A classic example would be Jaws and the known and anticipated â€Å" ba†¦ da†¦ ba†¦da†¦ba da ba da aaaa!! † He wants you to be truly surprised at how the scene plays out. So Zimmer plays a score that would enhance the scene but not give away the ending before it happens. In this way, the score and sound effects maintain the same non-linear form as the story line does. When dealing with dreams you cannot maintain a linear story line. This film had to utilize a non-linear storyline, keeping the audience wondering what is going to happen next. It creates in your own mind, more questions to add to the one you began with.This constant â€Å"make you think† aspect of the film allows the audience to use their own imagination to fill in any blanks they might have, in collaboration with the psychological puzzle that is placed before you, you cannot help but be mesmerized by some of the breath taking visuals and non linear scenes. The main characters protagonist changes as your understanding of the film evolves. This adds a sense of confusion and leave room for debate, as you discuss this film with others. As the story unfolds you learn more and more about the psychological stress this man must be under.The understanding of his psychological distress will later add to a greater understanding of what is and has transpired. This stress was something Leonardo DeCaprio adapted to very well, as did all of the actors in playing their parts rather well, considering some of them have a stigma about their abilities that has left them in comedies and dramas, being unable to broaden their horizons as an actor. The supporting actors in this movie provided more than simple time filling lines. They add as much to the story and plot as the main character, if not more at times.The director, Christopher Nolan, is known for choosing talent that may not fall into the part but makes them have to work to enhance it. He chose actors that would fill the part, but they did so with a progression of their own style. For example one of the co-stars, Joseph Gordon-Levitt is best known for his role on Third Rock from the Sun. (Turner, 1996) He is not known for playing an action star but within this film he is just that, an action, shooting the â€Å"bad guys,† saving the day, and even fighting in yet another â€Å"Fred Astaire† sequence with the rotating hallway.The combinations that Nolan uses in this movie is a masterpiece in itself without the characters but it is the characters that define this movie. The main character of this movie is Dom Cobb. His character is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Cobb is the Extractor in the dream field. He enters into other people’ s dreams, plants an idea in the targets’ mind and then steals their secrets. Due to his previous experience in the dream field, he is hired to steal secrets from Saito; a business man that turns the tables on Cobb. Cobb finds out they want him to do â€Å"inception,† which is the planting of an idea in the target’s mind.Cobb takes the job offer so hopefully one day he can go back to his family. DiCaprio heads out to find similar experienced people to form a team together. Once he finds the people he needs, they start coming up with ideas to plant in the targets’ mind. His team helpers include: Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Arthur, Ellen Page as Ariadne, Tom Hardy as Eames, and Dileep Rao as Yusuf. As they start planting their ideas, Cobb’s dead wife Mallorie â€Å"Mal† Cob, played by Marion Cotillard, keeps interfering in the dreams. With her interfering, it is hard for Cobb to keep focus on what he is trying to do for his job.All the characters p lay an extremely different roll from one another in the movie. They all have individual, special talents and different jobs to contribute to the planting of ideas. Page, who plays Ariadne, is the Architect. She is a graduate student who Cobb recruits to build the dream- scapes, which they call mazes. Her job is extremely important because she has to make sure every maze is precise. If not, everything could go wrong in the process of planting the idea in the targets’ mind. Levitt plays Arthur as Cobb’s Point Man.His job is to be responsible for researching their targets. Rao is Yusuf, the Chemist. They need him to make the drugs needed to sustain the dream states. Without him, the rest of the team and their targets, could not go into the dream state. The last character to talk about is Hardy. He plays Eames, the Forger, Cobb’s associate. Hardy uses his ability to manipulate dreams. The connections that the characters have with each other are typical for a superio r action movie, but Cobb and Mal’s relationship is why Inception stands apart from other action movieThe impact that Inceptions had on society was not as dramatic or frightening as some movies are, but it does show a darker side of the immense greed in this world and can make you wonder about the lengths that some people might go to, to obtain wealth or power, the boundaries the government will push to make them better then the enemy, or even the lengths one man might go for his family. These features of this film make it a very cerebral film. These make you think about how far you are willing to go to get what you want.How much are you willing to put others lives in danger to acquire what you think it is you need? Do the ends justify the means when you are dealing with human lives? While others that have watched this film argue that the film itself is a metaphor for film-making and that the filmgoing experience itself, images flashing before one's eyes in a darkened room, is akin to a dream. Jonah Lehrer also wrote in Wired that he supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping.In both, the visual cortex is highly active and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with logic, deliberate analysis, and self-awareness, is quiet. (Lehrer, 2010) Whereas Paul argued that the experience of going to a theater is itself an exercise in shared dreaming, particularly when viewing Inception: the film's sharp cutting between scenes forces the viewer to create larger narrative arcs to stitch the pieces together. This demand of production parallel to consumption of the images, on the part of the audience is analogous to dreaming itself.As in the film's story, in a cinema one enters into the space of another's dream, in this case Nolan's, as with any work of art, one's reading of it is ultimately influenced by one's own subjective desires and subconscious. (Paul, 2010) I personall y liked this film and was happy when I decided to review it. My take on this film was that the whole thing was but a dream within a dream, where the main character â€Å"Cobb† (played by Leonardo DeCaprio) (Nolan, 2010) is able to manipulate everyone in his entourage, except his wife.He knew that Ariaden (played by Ellen Page) would return the next day even though you are led to believe that his wife killed herself, because she felt she was still in the dream. I feel she was still in a dream and was able to escape, while he is still trapped inside a dream thinking it is reality. Which he lost his grip on when she â€Å"killed herself† but his subconscious is using her to help him but at the same time, his logic and emotion is preventing him from seeing the truth and in the end he is blinded by it. It really is a lot to wrap your brain around when you just want to watch a ovie for entertainment value but it does have something for everyone, even if it is a little drawn out between climaxes but the overall premise behind the idea of Inception was wonderful and the fact that it made you think about the movie was quite refreshing. References Allers, R. &Hahn, D. (1994). The Lion King. United States: Walt Disney. Breznican, A. (2010). â€Å"With Inception, Chris Nolan’s head games continue. † USA Today. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Donen, S. &Freed, A. (1951). Royal Wedding. United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Goodykoontz, B & Jacobs, C. (2011).Film: From Watching to Seeing. Retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu Lehrer, J. (2010). The Neuroscience of Inception. Wired, July 26, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Nolan, C. & Thomas, E. (2010). Inception. United States: Legendary Pictures. Paul, I. (2010). Desiring-Machines in American Cinema: What Inception tells us about our experience of reality and film. Senses of Cinema, Issue 56. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Spielberg, S. &Zanuck, R. (1975). Jaws. United States: Universal Pictures. Tu rner, B. & Turner, T. (1996). 3rd Rock from the Sun. United States: Carsey Werner Company.

Behavior of Gases Essay Example for Free

Behavior of Gases Essay Introduction: In this experiment, the problem trying to be solved is what gas laws are being used when the pressure, temperature, and volume are being measured. The three gas laws are Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law. The Boyle’s Law is when volume and pressure are being compared. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional, because when pressure goes up, volume goes down. The Charle’s Law is when volume and temperature are compared. Volume and temperature are also inversely proportional as well. Lastly, Gay-Lussac’s Law is when pressure and temperature are compared. Pressure and temperature are directly proportional; therefore when pressure goes up, temperature also goes up. The formulas are as follows: Boyle’s Law: P2 P1 = P2 V2 Charle’s Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussac’s Law: P1/T1 = P2/T2 Hypothesis: If volume, temperature, and pressure are measured, they will follow the laws and fit under Boyle’s, Charle’s, or Gay-Lussac’s law. Expected Results: It should be expected that when volume and pressure are measured, pressure will go up and volume will go down. When volume and temperature are compared, volume will go up and temperature will go down. Lastly, when pressure andtemperature are measured, pressure will go up as temperature goes up. Experimental Procedure: Part I Connect a 20mL syringe to a LabQuest Select: File New Then, Mode: Change to Events with Entry Next, Enter Name as Volume Enter Units as mL Select OK Start at 10mL on the syringe and wait for the reading to Select Keep Keep at least 6 data points (any of your choice) Only pull the syringe out (making the mL readings higher each time) Stop the Data Collection and view the graph and points Record Part II Place an Erlenmeyer flask in a beaker big enough to fit the flask Connect a temperature apparatus to the Lab Quest and place probe in beaker Then connect the pressure tube to the Lab Quest in channel 2 and connect the other end of the tube with the rubber stopper to the Erlenmeyer flask Select: File New Then Mode: Change to Selected Events Exit In sensors menu, change units to Kelvin Tap graph X-axis: chose temperature Place faucet, room temperature water in the beaker Select Keep Place ice in the beaker Select Keep Place room temperature water in the beaker again and place on a hot plate Wait for the water to boil Place temperature probe and Erlenmeyer flask back in beaker Select Keep Record result from graph and chart Results: VOLUME (mL) PRESSURE 10 103. 27 12 87. 6 14 76. 14 16 67. 5 18 60. 96 20 55. 15 This data and chart is comparing volume and pressure. The graph represents the Boyle’s Law because as the pressure is going up the volume is going down. TYPE OF WATER TEMPERATURE (K) PRESSURE Normal 102. 8 295 Ice 98. 29 275. 4 Boiling 122. 31 357. 4 This data and chart is comparing temperature and pressure. The graph represents Gay-Lussac’s Law because as temperature goes up, pressure goes up as well. Discussion: This experiment went extremely smooth. The data was easy to collect as long as you kept the Lab Quest and tools stable to ensure for accurate readings for temperature, pressure, and volume. The graphs and data easily coincided correctly with the theories of the gas laws, as was shown accessibly once the graphs were made. Although the data coincided with the theories correctly, the temperature readings for freezing and boiling may have not been completely accurate because the temperatures of the water was not measured accurately for correct boiling and freezing temperatures, but recorded solely for the theories and to prove them. Overall, the experiment held up well and the hypothesis and theories were proven to be correct. Behavior of Gases. (2018, Oct 25).

Food science and nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food science and nutrition - Essay Example In this regard, experts have indicated a few reasons for such huge number of children in poor families. Specifically, some researches indicated that poor families are mostly unaware of family planning and contraception methods that result in a child every year. Secondly, poor families sent their children to work from very early age, and thus, a number of poor families plan childbirths to have a son that will work for the family. Besides, few experts indicate that women in African countries have high fertility rates (Maume, pp. 23-25), and a majority of families is poor in such countries. Additionally, families with more children are able to acquire greater funding from the government packages, and thus, they are willing to take risk of having more children despite of their deprived situation, and risk of child deaths. Starvation is one of the adverse outcomes of poor families; however, it is an observation that individuals in poor families are able to work harder, as compared to people from middle classes. In other words, body metabolism of poor individuals adapts and adjusts with the conditions of starvation. During starvation, or even during fasting, one can observe a rapid reduction in reserves of glycogen that results in the distribution of fat, as well as protein reserves in different parts of the body. In starvation, oxaloacetic acid produces glucose, and studies (Berek, pp. 717) indicated that enhancement in turnover of ketone occurs in the human body due to long-term starvation, and the body reduces production of various components that allows the body to store vital proteins additionally. Within few days, fat stores deplete in the body, and subsequently, body metabolism adapts on acquiring its fuel and energy from fat, and experts term it ‘carbohydrate economy’ of the human body (Berek, pp.

Global Warming and New Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Warming and New Technology - Essay Example These gases, especially carbon dioxide, or CO2, trap the heat coming from the sun, and keep this heat on earth. This heat eventually builds up and becomes a phenomenon known as global warming. According to data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the effects of global warming are already happening – sea levels rising, glaciers shrinking, growing seasons lengthening, ice on lakes and rivers freezing, and the permafrost thawing (â€Å"Basic Information,† EPA). Moreover, technology, especially in the field of IT, also contributes to global warming. If, therefore, the harm caused by global warming and new technology is left unchecked, all of earth’s ecosystems will eventually be destroyed. Global warming can indeed cause significant changes in global temperatures which can actually cause many other negative environmental effects. According to GlobalIssues.org, due to the ever increasing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, the earth is getting warmer and warme r every decade, and that the 1900s is the world’s warmest century in 1,000 years (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). ... Nevertheless, we cannot even tolerate a 4 °C, according to the UK Met Office, which is the national weather service of the United Kingdom (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). In fact, according to the UK Met Office, this rapid change in the temperature due to the increasing amount of CO2 in the air will eventually lead to a decrease in the agricultural yields of all major cereal crops and this will also cause a significant reduction of the Himalayas glaciers, but this is not all (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). Since the increase in temperatures of the world will naturally heat up the oceans, particularly the Arctic regions, what is expected is not only the gradual disappearance of the Himalayas glaciers but also more hurricanes and drought, long periods of intense rain or extremely dry heat, and freezing weather especially in Northern Europe (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). Global warming may therefore affect the ocean currents and with the extreme amount of heat emanat ing from the oceans, the currents that bring hot air to Northern Europe may then be disrupted. In fact, the world’s oceans are rapidly â€Å"approaching 27 °C† every summer and this phenomenon alone contributes greatly to the occurrence of strong storms and hurricanes (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). The heating up of the oceans, which bring about these storms and hurricanes, are actually caused by the greenhouse gases trapping huge amounts of solar energy, and when this trapped solar energy needs to be dissipated, what results is higher winds and more intense precipitation, which both define a storm and a hurricane (â€Å"What are the Impacts†). In fact, in a period of just 30 years,

Insight into the Stagnant Performance of Textile Industry in Pakistan Literature review

Insight into the Stagnant Performance of Textile Industry in Pakistan - Literature review Example Pakistan is a major player globally in the textile industry. The textile industry in Pakistan can be traced back to its origins in 1947. In 1947, the country produced approximately 1.1 million bales of cotton (Iqbal 2010). Over the years, the production of cotton has increased to reach over twelve million bales in 2010. The country has also diversified its cotton products to increase the quality and quantity of products that are exported. For instance, Pakistan textile industry has increased the quantity of ready made garments that are exported. However, the textile industry in Pakistan has been faced with numerous challenges. One of the issues that have affected the textile industry in the country is the stagnation in the amount of textile products that are exported (Channar & Nannik 2010). Also, other Asian countries such as Bangladesh and China have become fierce competitors in the textile industry. Due to these challenges, it is necessary for the Pakistan textile industry to reinvent itself in order to improve the quantity and quality of cotton products so as to stay competitive. The study would evaluate the current status of the Pakistan textile industry and globally. The research will examine the global market and production of cotton and cotton related products in to contextualize the situation in Pakistan. The rapid globalization of the world economies has made all countries to be intertwined such as that international issues significantly affect national economies. The research will also look at the amount of investment that Pakistan has dedicated to the development of the textile industry in the country. The research aims to evaluate the factors that have led to the stagnation of the Pakistan textile industry with a view of answering the research objectives. A critical understanding of the issues affecting the growth of the textile industry will help the

Teacher leadership mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher leadership mentoring - Essay Example First and foremost, the best plan for Ms. Thomas is to show that she has authority and control of all the activities carried out in class. She must ensure that all activities conform to the expected conduct of students in the class and supervise all work done even though in groups. It has been observed that some students are often found wandering during learning period which should not be the case. Managing effectively in class has several advantages as this would reduce the burden that seems to be negatively affecting her performance. With regards to student engagement, the best plan is to focus on the role of the student and make it the center of the educational process while she as the teacher would act as a regulator or facilitator that guides the learners throughout the lesson. This can be done through encouraging pupils to participate in class through responding to questions raised or to place the students in groups where they are given tasks to do then asked to give feedback to others. It has been noted that there is less student activity where the teacher is talking throughout the whole lesson with little input from the learners who are supposed to be the beneficiaries of the knowledge they acquire from the teacher. When students work together to accomplish shared learning goals, there would be highly chances that they would master what they discuss in class which is a very good plan for Ms. Thomas to be able to entice the students to participate in class. It is very important for the students to work toge ther in order to share and exchange the ideas with others since they will feel that knowledge can be generated through feedback and communication with others which makes them become more realistic than teaching through the book and focus on homework only. Group work is recommendable since it inculcates a sense of interdependence where the students would discover that the

Observations Made on Learning Differences between SETTS and Regular Assignment

Observations Made on Learning Differences between SETTS and Regular Methods of Delivery in Mathematics - Assignment Example I spent one hour with the student on the first day of my assessment and two hours on the second day, the two sessions from which I compiled my report. On the first day I decided to dwell on a previously covered area, addition and subtraction of two digit numbers. Luckily for me, she was cooperative right from the beginning. This particular student was good once the class kicked off and she was reminded the basics. She could easily work out the tests I gave her at the end of my initial one hour with her, and she was very encouraged when I commended her good work. She was able to follow my examples and come up with her own solutions. However, she got stuck when I removed from her sight the examples I had worked out for her, and she kept referring to her previous correct work. When I finally requested her to now work on simple problems without referring, she got very stuck and answered with great uncertainty. The loss of confidence could be attributed to lack of enough practice, and I d ecided to assess her from the current topic on measurements that was more familiar to her at the moment. We embarked on reviewing measurements and she showed proper grasp of the different measurement units. I gathered from her performance that memorizing a topic for long was quite a challenge, which meant that she could hardly cope when the teacher proceeded to other topics that built on the previous ones. I found that Mr. Jacob had identified the same problem and he explained that it recurred among three of his special students. He

Mission, Vision and Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mission, Vision and Stakeholders - Essay Example 6). In order to assess the operations of Better Place from the perspective of its stakeholders, it is important to assess the foundation on which the organization has been established. Being a part of the automobile industry, the business plan of Better Place is based on a revolutionary and visionary ideology which aims to challenge the conventional dynamics of automobile development by intending to establish a countrywide network of electric cars. The company’s program rests on the teachings of social entrepreneurship, which in this particular case aspires to lessen and gradually eliminate the automotive industry’s reliance on oil through the incorporation of research and development efforts (Etzion and Struben 2011, p. 2). Stakeholders Indeed, Better Place exists in the business because it believes that change is the most fundamental need of the automotive industry and it is possible to inspire this change by cooperating with the stakeholders of the organization. By a ssessing the environment in which the company operates, its stakeholders can be identified as follows: 1) Israeli government 2) National electric utility 3) Car manufacturers 4) Battery companies 5) Venture capitalists and Investors 6) Potential customers of electric cars 7) Local authorities 8) International firms 9) International Governments – United States, Japan, Canada, Denmark and Australia Stakeholder Mapping In order to conduct an effective analysis of Better Place’s stakeholders, the tool of stakeholder mapping can be implemented to 1) highlight the level of stakeholders’ interest in favoring or contesting a strategy that is forwarded by the firm and 2) identify the extent to which the organizations stakeholders have the power to do so (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2008, p. 156). The key benefit of categorizing the firm’s stakeholders on the basis of the variables of power and interest is that such knowledge is critical to the formulation of strategy as it reveals the firm’s true dependency on its stakeholders. The diagram presented below demonstrates the stakeholder mapping for Better Place. A: Minimal Effort B: Keep Informed Local authorities C: Keep Satisfied Venture capital firms Potential customers of electric cars D: Key Players Israeli government National electric utility International governments and firms Car manufacturers Battery companies Referring to the diagram, venture capitalists firms and potential investors must be kept satisfied with the progress of the project in order to ensure that continued funding is provided by the firms in the third and subsequent rounds of funding. The key players in the venture are external actors namely the Israeli government, international governments and firms. The feasibility and viability of the project is greatly dependent upon the establishment of partnerships with organizations such as the Big Three auto manufacturers in Detroit as well as Toyota which have acce ss to a customer base that would be otherwise inaccessible to Better Place. A concluding assessment of the diagram demonstrates that Better Place exhibits dependency upon external partners who must be convinced regarding the viability of the venture to sustain long-term associations. Topic 2 – Industry and Scenario Analyses Porter Five Forces The assessment of the in which Better Place operates draws from the forces which exist in the automobile industry, the personal transportation industry and the EV market in specific. Discussing the current scenario with regards to the development of electric and fuel-efficient vehicles, Etzion and Struben

Growing telecommunication in society Essay Example for Free

Growing telecommunication in society Essay It is clear that growing telecommunication will help increase the effectiveness of business. Some consulting companies can do not need to hire office, to buy expensive equipment. People can stay at home to do your business. they dont need to strictly come to the office. This is much more convenient than ever before. However life is harder. People both yough and old seem to stick to their computer all the time for their work or and for their entertainment. It is true that there are so many things in a computer. People can explore a lot of things. They can easily contact with a friend far away by email, they can know what is happening and even they can go to the market though Internet and there are many other services in the Internet that I cannot count. But the problem is that some people are now addicted to computers and they lose other habits in life. People become stricter because face to face communication is increasingly dwindling. They spend less time to enjoy the beauty of the nature which is very beautiful with alive scenes with sunshine, with fresh air and a variety of things. As a result, human emotion is also reducing. People are not developed fully in mental and physical strength. In addition, as shown recently by research of scientists , sitting in front of computers for long time will affect people health. The eye is seriously affected. The number of myopic people is increasing. Sitting in a place also makes people feel tired and stressed. Beside, the whole society seem to be running in a strict mechanism which is facilitated by the computer system. If there appear a problem, this system will collapse rapidly. It can be easily seen many cases of computer hacking which cause great damage to the society and business, for example the virus love , originated in the Philippines caused great damage on the global scale in the United States and in south east Asia. The power of the damage is very strong.

Materials Used in the Marine Environment

Materials Used in the Marine Environment G.R.P Piping Used For Cargo Transfer Glass Reinforced Plastic Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) is widely used in the marine environment because of its many useful properties. Glass Reinforced Plastic is composed of fine glass fibres woven to form a flexible fabric. The weave pattern determines the strength and weight of the GRP. There are different weave patterns used for the production of GRP depending on the application. Different resins may be added to the woven fiberglass to give it added strength and allow it to be molded into numerous shapes. Weave patterns for GRP Advantages and Properties of Glass Reinforced Plastic piping GRP pipes have a major advantage of corrosion resistance (a typical property of plastics), their strength and durability. This makes them ideal for conveying all kinds of water, chemicals and other cargoes. The major advantages of GRP are: Corrosion resistance, of both the wall in contact with the fluid carried by the pipe and the external wall. Therefore the need for extra protection such as coating or painting is minimal. Chemical resistance. GRP is minimally reactive, making it ideal for chemical pipelines and other areas where chemicals are used. Easy installation procedure Low weight The smooth internal walls avoids the formation of deposits. Requires minimal maintenance after installation GRP can be made fire resistant by the addition of special additives. Glass reinforced plastics do not conduct electricity, they also resist electric sparks. Long life. Raw Materials Used in the production of GRP Polyester resins and glass reinforcements are the main raw materials used in the manufacture of Glass Reinforced Plastics. Resins Polyester resins are the major resins employed in the manufacture of GRP, although other resins such as phynol, epoxy and vinylester are used when certain performance characteristics are required. Polyesters offer a good balance of electrical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties, at reasonably low cost. They are easy to handle and also have good dimensional stability. Polyesters are usually manufactured by reacting glycols and dibasic organic acids, both of which contain a double-bonded pair of carbon atoms. The polyester resin is a thermoset, when subjected to the right conditions it is capable of being cured from solid or liquid state. There are two main types of polyester resins used. Orthophthalic polyester resin is the standard resin widely used. Isophthalic polyester resin is the preferred material in the marine industry where superior water resistance or required or high corrosive products have to be conveyed. Glass reinforcements Glass fibre is the most widely used reinforcing material. Various components are mixed to produce a basic compound which is then melted at high temperature in a furnace to produce glass. The molten glass is drawn into thin filaments which are then processed into strands that are the basic reinforcements for the resins. Glass fibres are made from silica (SiO2) sand which melts at 1993K or 1720 °C. SiO2 is heated up to 1720 °C and then rapidly cooled to produce glass. Although glass fibre can be made from SiO2 alone, other materials can be added to improve or add certain properties. There are major grades of glass necessary to produce pipes used in the marine environment; â€Å"C† glass grade: this grade has improved resistance to chemical attack and mostly used for making the inner liner of pipes. â€Å"E† glass grade: strong and low in alkali content, good tensile and compressive strength, good electrical properties but resistance to impact is relatively poor. This grade is not totally inert in chemically corrosive environments so a protective liner is required to protect the integrity of the glass. â€Å"E-CR† glass: this grade has long term resistance to chemicals. Although the composition doesn’t much from the E-glass, the resistance to acid corrosion is a lot better. This grade has Lloyd’s approval and are certified to meet the Boeing BMS-8-79 Specification. Some additional raw materials may include catalysts for polyester resins, accelerators, inhibitors, thixotropic agents, silica. Manufacturing Process Regulations associated with the use of GRP on ships The International maritime Organization has specific guidelines for the use of plastics for pipes on ships. The guidelines provide acceptance standards, design requirements, and fire testing performance standards for plastics in piping systems independent of service or location. The guidelines refer to both thermosetting and thermoplastic plastics, with or without reinforcement. Material Design Properties and Design Criteria for GRP Piping used for cargo transfer The piping should have adequate strength to accommodate severe conditions of temperature, pressure, and the dynamic conditions of the environment. Pipes should also have a minimum wall thickness to ensure sufficient strength for handling, cargo transfer and other activities on board ships. Internal pressure: The internal pressure of piping systems should not be less than the maximum working pressure expected under working conditions or the highest set pressure of fitted safety or pressure relieve valves. The nominal internal pressure for a pipe should be calculated by dividing the short-term hydrostatic test failure by a factor of safety of 4.[i] External pressure: In the design of these piping systems, the external pressure should not be less than the sum of maximum potential head of liquid outside the pipe. The nominal external pressure should be calculated by the collapse test pressure by a factor of safety of 3.[ii] Axial Strength: the sum of all longitudinal stresses due to weight, pressure or dynamic loads should not be more than the allowable stress in the longitudinal direction. In this case where Glass Reinforced Plastic pipes are used, the sum of the longitudinal stresses should not surpass half of the nominal circumferential stress derived from the nominal internal pressure determined by dividing the short-term hydrostatic test failure by a factor of safety of 4.[iii] Temperature: the piping system should be able to serve perfectly over the range of temperatures it will experience. The maximum working temperature should be at least 20 °C less than the minimum heat distortion temperature of the resin. The minimum heat distortion temperature shouldn’t be lower than 80 °C. Where pipes are to be used for low-temperature services, special attention should be given to the material properties.[iv] Impact Resistance: the minimum resistance to impact of the piping should be to the satisfaction of the administration. Ageing: When selecting design materials for pipes, the manufacturer should ensure that the environmental effects will not degrade the physical, mechanical or chemical properties of the pipes below the values to meet these guidelines. Satisfactory ageing tests should be performed on materials before selection. Erosion Resistance: The effect of erosion should be considered when designing pipes. Adequate measures (such as increased wall thickness, use of special liners etc.) should be taken to ensure the erosion resistance of the pipes. Compatibility: the materials used in producing the pipes should be compatible with the fluids the pipes are used to convey or immersed in.[v] â€Å"The manufacturer should have a quality system that meets ISO 9001, â€Å"Quality Systems – Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation and servicing†, or equivalent.†[vi] The quality system during manufacture should bases on requirements and standards necessary to produce pipes with the most suitable physical and mechanicals properties. GRP Pipes and Metal Pipes Comparison Because of the materials used in the manufacture of glass reinforced plastics, they have good strength and light weight. GRP pipes have smooth, non-absorbent internal walls to allow for smooth flow of the cargoes they convey. They are also inert in nature and very durable. Some other advantages of GRP pipes include high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, low density, scaling resistance, flexibility and easy installation, long life and minimal maintenance. Metal pipes are more expensive to manufacture, they react to changes in temperature and corrode quite easily. Metals are also heavier and have a more tedious installation process. Galvanized steel pipes have a high possibility of lead contamination. Over time, the physical and mechanical properties of metals degrade. GRP piping is most suitable for cargo transfer as it has the most advantages. References The Reinforced Plastics Handbook by John Murphy http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jo7KwTldSNQCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false Crystic Composites Handbook December 2005, Scott Bader Company LTD http://www.scottbader.com/uploads/files/3381_crystic-handbook-dec-05.pdf Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22601filename=A753%2818%29.pdf Web Pages http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/polyester-resins/8 25 August 2014 http://plumcots.com/grp-pipes-metal-pipes-comparison.php 25 August 2014 http://www.ayhanozdemir.net/GRP%20PIPE%20TECHNICAL%20REPORT.htm 25 August 2014 [i] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.2 http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22601filename=A753%2818%29.pdf [ii] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.3 [iii] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.4 [iv] Resolution A.753(18), Page 345, paragraph 2.1.5 [v] Resolution A.753(18), Page 346 [vi] Resolution A.753(18), Chapter 3, Material Approval and Quality Control During Manufacture

1. Why do you think people are ?religious?? What particular aspects of

People are religious for many reasons. These include the difference religion makes in life and how religious beliefs influence actions. Religion structures a religious person’s life. More than three quarters of the world’s population consider they belong to a religion. All aspects of religion are reasons for a person to be religious. For some, the difference that sacred places, books, prayer and celebration make is significant. Others, the belief that there is something beside our own world or the difference having a figure to follow can change a life. Sacred places can help a person to have an ambition in life, a reason to live – to reach this sacred place, for example the Holy place of Mecca for Muslims, a pilgrimage is taken, and this is a life experience for many Muslims. Books help many understand life, and much of being religious is about understanding. They answer questions and instruct you in the right direction in life. Prayer can be seen in two ways, in my opinion. The first is to pray to a God, to keep you and your loved ones safe, for security. Secondly, it gives a person a daily or weekly ritual, which can help in structuring lives. By having this structure also gives a person security and sometimes controls emotions in a very complicated society we live in. Celebration can be an appeal to religion, if a not strong one. Celebrating a belief among others passes on the faith to the future generations. The dictionary definition for â€Å"religious† is â€Å"Pertaining t...

The Awakening Essay -- Literary Analysis, Kate Chopin

Kate Chopin wrote for a reason and with a sense of passion and desire. She lived the way she wanted to and wrote what she felt, thought, and wanted to say. Kate wrote for many years and her popularity was extreme until critical disapproval of her novel, The Awakening, a story that portrayed women’s desires of independence and control of their own sexuality. Most men condemned this story, while women applauded her for it. Kate wrote with a sense of realism and naturalism and she created a voice that is unique and unmatched. The voice gave a view of the female role in society and contributed to the beginning of the later feminist movements. In 1915, Fred Lewis Pattee wrote, "some of Chopin's work is equal to the best that has been produced in France or even in America. She displayed what may be described as a native aptitude for narration amounting almost to genius" (qtd. in Amazon.com â€Å"About the Author†). Kate Chopin was a 19th century American author who cared abou t women and their rights. She was a bold writer who had a huge impact on how the world should treat women. On February 8, 1851, Katherine O’Flaherty was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Kate was born to the parents of Thomas O’Flaherty and Eliza Faris. Her father was a wealthy Irish immigrant and a successful businessman. Sadly, Kate’s father died in a railway accident when she was only four years old. Kate’s childhood was influenced mostly by her mother and great-grandmother. Kate spent much time with her family’s Creole and mulatto slaves, becoming familiar with their dialects. She attended Sacred Heart convent where she was a very poor student, but an avid reader. At the age of eleven Kate’s great-grandmother as well as her half-brother died. These two deaths caused Kat... ...wn as one of the most important women in 19th century American fiction. Kate grew up in a world where women were seen as very little importance. She wrote to change that. Kate wrote with passion and a sense of realism. She proved to the world around her that women were just as equal to men. Conclusively, Kate Chopin is known to be the first feminist writer and a woman ahead of her time. Even though during her time she was looked down upon for the things she wrote, she is celebrated and acclaimed by people around the world today. Kate's writings provided her with the means to live how she wanted-both mentally and physically-rather than play the role society expected of her. Kate Chopin proved to women they had a right to express themselves however they wanted to. This is why Kate is known today as one of the most important women in 19th century American fiction.

Thank You for Smoking Essay -- Peter Brimelow Tobacco Health Essays

Thank You for Smoking â€Å"Take another drag. That’s good for you.† One might not hear that everyday, but Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† is a very well written deductive argument that may have you believing that statement by the time you’re done reading his article. Brimelow’s argument is clearly inductive because he presents his samples right away which lead to generalizations that are drawn from those examples (McFadden). Brimelow comes right out early in the argument and informs the reader smoking can be beneficial to one’s health (141). Brimelow makes it clearly evident throughout the article that smoking is good for one’s health which is his major claim. The major claim is also known as a thesis (McFadden). Because most Americans have heard repetitively from the time they were little that smoking is bad for your health, Brimelow needs to provide valuable information to sway his audience. In this argument, he does a really good job of doing just that. Brimelow uses grounds, which are evidence and facts that support the major claim, to back up his argument (McFadden 2003) Parkinson’s disease among smokers appears to be half the rate of non-smokers. Alzheimer’s disease has been found to be as much as 50% less among smokers than non-smokers. Smoking may be responsible for what appears to be a 50% lower rate of prostate cancer among smokers` (142). These were a few of the statistics Brimelow provided to show how smoking may help prevent certain diseases. He didn’t stop there. On page 141 Brimelow documented the outcome of studies performed by D.M. Warburton that showed cigarettes to stimulate alertness, dexterity, and cognitive capacity. These grounds presented by Brimelow attract the audience... ...ke away from the power of Brimelow’s argument. Overall, Brimelow has a strong argument going here. He clearly has stated his claim and has strengthened it with powerful grounds, warrants, and backing. He exhibited skill in providing qualifiers and bringing up rebuttals and counter-claims. Brimelow falls short in a few areas of the argument. By using some fallacies and hasty generalizations Brimelow takes away from his strong argument. With some modifications in a few areas Brimelow would have a very good argument. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter, â€Å"Thank You for Smoking...?† The Genre of Argument Ed. Irene L. Clark Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. 141-143 Clark, Irene L. The Genre of an Argument. Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. McFadden, James. The Toulmin Method: From Classical Logic to Modern Argumentation. 2003. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA

Nursing Exemplar Essay

I arrived to work well rested and ready to start the day. I had just returned after a two week long vacation. Because of the time off, I arrived to 7 East to find that the assortment of patients was not familiar at all. As I began getting reports on my patients, one in particular I started to feel a little anxious and stressed. At first glance I could tell I would be busy for the next twelve hours. Lynda was a 45 year old woman that was admitted almost a week ago after having an emergent tracheostomy placed. Lynda was newly diagnosed with laryngeal cancer with already having several other diagnoses including: seizure disorders, mild mental retardation, behavioral issues, and was legally blind. Lynda also lived in an apartment for assisted living, and her only support that was occasional present was her brother, Steven. That first day I have Lynda, she was started on a full liquid diet. It quickly became clear that she was aspirating food. She was very angry with me after I took away her first real meal she was having in 5 days. After the physicians came to see Lynda and she had a swallow evaluation preformed it was decided that the best option for Lynda would be to have a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placed, for feedings. Lynda was added to the schedule and had her PEG tube placed that day. She was not happy with me and blamed me. I explained to Lynda why she needed to have the PEG tube, she told me that she understood why, but just wanted to go home. I told her that we just had to look at this as another path she had to take in order to get home. I told her that if she was able to care for her tracheostomy that a PEG tube would be nothing. It was at about this point I learned that even though, she had already been on our floor for almost a week with what would be a permanent tracheostomy no one had yet taught her to suction herself. As they were calling for her to go downstairs for the PEG tube placement, I assured Lynda that she was strong and that she would be able to do this. I told her that I would be there when she came back, and I would be there all week to teach her. With that Lynda felt confident and off she went. As Lynda was having her PEG tube I was thinking about all the questions I had about Lynda. I started reading her history and physicals, and the clinic reports. The first clinic appointment she had was when she came in almost one week ago. At this visit she was told that she was not breathing adequately enough and it was because she had a large tumor that was starting to block off her airway. She was told that she need to have a tracheostomy and soon before it would close off her airway, and then she had two options radiation so see if it would shrink the tumor or surgery to remove the tumor. She agreed to have the tracheostomy and planed to have surgery as it was explained to be her best option. It really didn’t say if Lynda understood the full extent of the surgery she would have, she just saw it as something she had to do and then she could go home. While waiting for Lynda to come back I met her friend Sister Mary. Sister Mary told me all about Lynda, about how she has known her since she was a teenager and all the hardships that Lynda has gone though. Of the many things I learned about Lynda from Sister Mary was that Lynda was a trooper and she would be able to care for her tracheostomy and PEG tube. As my shift came to an end, and Lynda was still in recovery. I decided to write Lynda a note that state for her to get some rest because we had a busy day ahead of us tomorrow. Day two, my mission was to teach Lynda the basics of self suctioning. As I walked into her room this morning she was all smiles and told me she was ready to learn. We started with the basics showing and explaining her tracheostomy tube and the suction catheters to her. I then gave her a dummy doll we teach patients how to suction on, and she was able to show all the correct steps that I have taught her on the dummy. At this point in the day after lots of practicing Lynda was able to remove the inner cannula tube of her tracheostomy and clean it. The look on Lynda’s face was that of incredible confidence, I was truly impressed with her. By the end of our second twelve hour shift, Lynda had learned how to suction herself. It was passed along in report to simply encourage her independence in suctioning herself. Day three, my mission was to teach Lynda the proper care of her PEG tube, and to continue with the encouragement of her suctioning herself. After walking her though a bolus feeding in the morning, she agreed to do the next one. Lunch time came around and sure enough, she was able to complete the bolus feeding with minimum assistance. By the time came for the next feeding she was going to get the can of food to do it herself when I had walked in the room. She laughed and told me I was right that the PEG tube was a lot easier than suctioning. At this point in Lynda’s stay I knew that she would be going home soon. Later that evening, while discussing Lynda’s progress over the last few days with the physicians I asked them what the plan was and instructed them that we needed to get nutrition, social work, and case management involved so that she could go home. The physicians stated that they would place the consults that I requested but as for discharge they were unsure about when this would happen because Lynda’s brother doesn’t think she can care for herself on her own. I was shocked to hear this, the brother who I had not seen in the last three days, and from what I heard hadn’t even come to visit Lynda at all. I voiced my concerns with this to the physicians, and told them she has shown myself and other nurses her ability to care for herself, and maybe they should suggest that her brother come in and see her care for herself. I had their attention, and they called the brother to tell him all that she has done and suggested that he come in to see her new abilities because they would like to send her home. Before I left that evening I told Lynda about what the physicians had said and about her brother’s fears. I told her that it was now her time to shine if she wanted to go home and that I believed in her. After being off for two days, I was so delighted to hear that Lynda was going to go home that day. Lynda requested to have me be her nurse that day, from what I gathered she had been asking where I was. Her discharge went off like a breeze, everything fell right into place. Lynda told me that she was going to miss me, and I told her she would see me soon enough. She was coming back for her surgery in two weeks. When Lynda came back for her surgery, she had wrote me a letter, telling me that I was more that her nurse, I was her friend and that she was grateful I believed in her. Lynda had become a more difficult patient to have after her surgery, and she would need frequent encouragement to perform the tasks that we already knew she could do. It took Lynda a period of time to realize that all the nurse’s and not just I knew that she could do all these things. Once Lynda realized that it was her choice and responsibility, she started suctioning and feeding herself again. Even to this day Lynda comes to visit me on the floor when she comes in for her clinic visits. I always get a big hug and smile from her. She reminds me that the things I do every day as a nurse make such a positive impact on my patients. This experience taught to trust my instincts and to believe in my patients. I am no longer afraid to speak up with it comes to advocating for my patients. My role as an advocate for Lynda helped her to obtain her main goal of going home. I was able to offer support, guidance, and knowledge to help ensure that she would be able to care for herself in a safe manner.

Emotional Bank Accounts Essay

We all do things that are counter-productive to our relationships. We all like to have people be nice to us. The concept of an emotional bank account is powerful, yet not quite as simple as keeping a ledger of debits and credits. One of the problems is the perception of worth. What is a â€Å"deposit† worth. We may think it is quite valuable. The affected person may consider it so routine it is not even remembered. The trick in making deposits is to know what value the act has for the person holding the account. Herzberg was a psychologist who studied motivational factors in American industry. He came up with the conclusion, since quoted out of context, that money is not a good motivator of people. He called things like money, a safe work place, security and such fundamentals â€Å"hygiene† factors. That is, the employee needed them to be there and assumed they would be there. They were not, however, efficient in motivating job improvement. Herzberg found that various methods of showing personal appreciation were far more important. A company golf team, a compliment, a letter of commendation, a corner office, painting an employee’s name painted on a parking place and such activities were more efficient in motivation. Do you agree? Many students do not. To many people, money is a prime motivator. How then did Herzberg come up with his findings? Is he wrong? No, we have to understand another theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow was also a psychologist who studied motivation and found that people had needs that varied with their circumstances. If you are living in the weeds, any job that provides 3 hots and a cot is your dream. You think you would never want anything else. But when you get that job, those needs are satisfied and you quickly want more. Maslow said the second stage was to want security. You want those physiological needs to be there in the future, not just today. And, if you get that security, you then go to stage three where you want a feeling of belonging to a group that reflects your values and goals. If you get this feeling of belonging, you then go to a stage where you want to be singled out and honored. The last stage is one where you  have all those needs met, so you want to contribute in some special way to something greater than yourself. Herzberg did his studies in a shop where people had stage one and two pretty much assured. Those physiological elements did not motivate because they were already met. Those people were at the stage where they either wanted to belong to a group or be singled out for honors. The ability to read another person and determine what is important to them is critical. This gets back to our emotional bank account deposit value. Similarly, actions may have different withdrawal value to different people. To someone who is feeling very insecure because of seeing everyone around them being dismissed in a general layoff, a curt word may have them dusting off their resume and reacting very defensively. It may not have been intended in that way but its effect is the important thing. Our success in keeping a good emotional bank account with other people then depends upon our sensitivity to the values that other people hold, not our own. This sensitivity is difficult for most of us as we often have â€Å"tasks† to do and keeping track of the effect of our actions and words may not be high on our list of things to do at the moment. Yet, in the long term, nothing is more important. I once heard someone say of a particular organization, â€Å"this place is not about competence, this place is about relationships†. I think that is true of just about any organization.

Blood Brothers Essay

Within a Blood Brothers. Compare the role of the narrator in the Play Blood Brothers and consider how you Would present the narrator to an audience if you were the director. The dictionary definition of narrate – VT (a story) to tell, relate; to give an account of; (film, TV) to provide a spoken commentary for narration n – narrator n†¦ The tradition of narration came from the Greek chorus. Their were thirteen people in the chorus; all singing and dancing. The chorus which served as the narrator, asked probing questions, and also gave great advice to the heroes. If there was any violence it was merely narrated, and not presented for fear of offending the audience. The purpose of the narrator is to let the audience know what is going on. Narration is one of the most important components of a story. The characters, plot, setting, and theme are also significant; however the narrator sets the mood and also the pace of the story, as well as predicting what might happen when the narrator is omniscient. In Blood Brothers the narrator plays a variety of roles for example sometimes he is at a higher status than them and also is sometimes very negative. The original Greek narrator was in a chorus which consisted of thirteen people, in the play ‘Blood Brothers’ the narrator sang with the characters but he was much more involved and not separated, as the Greek chorus were. The Greek chorus usually stayed as part of the chorus or on the side of the stage. They knew everything about the characters and sometimes they could see into the future like in ‘Blood Brothers’ when the narrator was preparing the audience for what was going to come next in throughout the play. They usually spoke the beginning and end of the play. He narrated the beginning of the play to set the scene and at the end he was the last one to speak before they in ‘Blood Brothers’ case this was just after the twins died. In act 1 scene 1 the narrator is a storyteller. He also sounds, very negative in what he is saying as he says ‘ Brother parted from brother’ ‘Wrenched apart’ ‘A stone in the place of a heart’ which is negative. His mother gave him away because she didn’t think she would be able to cope and also because of money as well as her other seven children. I feel that the narrator is being very harsh because the way he says ‘A stone in the place of a heart’ but she knew that she might be able to cope with one more children but not with two as it’s only her to look after them. I don’t think its good that the narrator manipulates the characters minds as it is coming away from the tradition so I don’t think that’s a good idea because as soon as one thing changes they change everything. In this scene Act 1 scene 3 ‘the shoes the shoes†¦ ‘ ‘What’s wrong with them’ ‘on. On the table take them off†¦ take them off’ ‘oh god you never put new shoes on a table Miss Lyons. You never know what might happen. ‘ The narrator is forcing the idea of superstitions and it makes the audience wonder if it will have any effects, as it appears to. Eventually he is also trying to enforce that as she was not very well educated and believe in superstition like that but as the educated ones know more and are better off so they don’t believe in as much superstition as them. The narrator appears to be working in Mrs Lyons favour and against the mother. In act 1 scene 6 the narrator informs the audience he has also set up his plan on controlling the families, that the mother reminding the audience of the decision and is regretting giving her baby away, ‘ The debt’ makes it sound like it’s a business deal and is also a metaphor, ‘ Paid’ those words are both cold. The narrator is also blaming the mother for giving her child away. I think that it is her fault for giving her child but at the end of the day she knew she wouldn’t be able to cope with any more children so she had to do something. The narrator’s main role throughout the show is to act as a constant reminder to us of the brother’s tragic fate for example ‘Shoes upon the table’ which is repeated throughout both acts of the show. In Act 2 scene 1 the narrator makes this scene particularly eerie. The idea of the devil being there all the time indicates something terrible might happen. Here he is playing the part of the devil ‘there’s no use clutching at your rosary, the Devils in the back yard, he can see thought the gaps in the curtains he sees it all, there’s no use in hiding in the hall. When he raps at the knocker then he knows you’re in; No you wont no you’ll never get away from him. This raises an evil issue as he’s everywhere. The last two lines ‘No you won’t, No you’ll never get away from him. ‘ Is an eerie writing that is repeated for even more effect. From Act 2 scene 11 we notice from the first two lines that there is repetition. The only difference is of the back yard working – class garden middle class. ‘Devil in your bones getting into your ghostly running away from someone you can run hide but he’ll always find you when he rings at the chimes’ it builds up tension as he is saying that you will never get away from the devil even if you run hide he’ll always find you and is also showing the ghostly side of him, and again the idea of the negative within the play. From Act 4 Scene 1 we notice the narrator in a positive light as he comments ‘The summers never ever going to end’ ‘ The devil is hardly visible’. There is not much evidence of negative. The narrator also makes the audience happy which also makes the m unprepared for what is coming. In Act 4 scene 2 there is as difference as the social class has divided them because Mickey wanted to work but Eddie has a lot of money and doesn’t have to work which causes frustration for Mickey. Again the narrator hints at the idea that the social class division may lead to a negative outcome. In this scene (Act 4 scene 3) Mickey is offered a job from Eddie but refuses it and is sad because he cannot find one himself, the feels that he has lost the sense of pride. Again this gives the audience even more clue that because of this Mickey and Eddie will be torn apart even more. In Act 5 scene 1 Linda got Mickey and Eddie takes over his fathers business. Gradually throughout the play the narrator is not warning + predicting but gradually taking over the whole character by being within that character. If I was the director I would dress the narrator in black as that is a dark colour and also can represent the negativity in the play. But I would also dress him in a lighter colour like yellow to show the happier side of the narrator. I would make him dress in red to show the devil side of him or give him a red fork so show that there is also a devil with in him when he is manipulating the characters to do bad things or talking in a cold tone. I’d also consider putting him at a higher status I would make him stand on the balcony or on staging blocks as he seems to be controlling the families but I would also ask him to walk around so he would be in with the cast to show the equality in status at times. He would have a deep voice as many people see god as having a deep voice and as he is controlling the families and is a higher status and people see god to be in the sky. My narrator would appear at the beginning and at the end of the play. He would also appear to sing with the characters so he will be interacting with the characters. He would also be standing on the balcony at the side when he would be controlling the families I would also want him to interact with the characters as I want him walking around in between the characters when they are frozen and he is explaining to the audience what is happening. For the body language if I was showing the bad side of him I would make him stand in one place at a higher status staring down at the characters but if he’s in a good mood I want him walking around interacting with the characters. I would also give him a strong accent as many people perceive god to have a strong accent and a deep voice. He will also talk loud as that’s how many people see god. Conclusion The understanding of the narrator has helped me to analyse this dramatic technique by setting the scene, also explaining to the audience what is going on. I found it particularly useful to be able to compare the Blood Brothers narrator with the original Greek narrator and this produced me with even more understanding.

Evolution Of Outdoor Advertising In Nigeria

Advertising or advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor (Wayne et al. , 2008). Long before America was colonized, commerce flourished in the Old World where various methods were used to promote trade.Notice boards placed outside houses indicated what could be had within. Wine cellars gave free samples in the streets. And actors paraded in the streets attempting to entice onlookers into theatres. The idea of commerce is very old indeed, and the means of inducing others into exchange relationships was not far behind in its development. (Advertising and Society Review) As we have seen, an advertis ement can be very simple, and simple advertising, eg for events, has been around for as long as people have been trying to make money out of attracting a wider public.Posters announcing an event were probably the first form of advertising, and these date back to gladiatorial contests in Ancient Rome. The first advertisements, however, which fit our full definition of advertising (ie paid for, occupying space in a media form) appear in newspapers in the seventeenth century. These tended to be straightforward statements of fact, without any fancy typesetting or illustrations, and were often indistinguishable from the news stories around them.As the eighteenth century wore on, the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, and consumer goods became more sophisticated, manufacturers began to recognize that they needed to create a need for their products. Many items were new to consumers, or were new variations. Josiah Wedgewood, who manufactured pottery in England in the second half of the se venteenth century, was particularly good at creating new markets for his wares through advertising.He brought cups and plates into the budget and households of middle class families – a much larger market than the wealthy aristocratic households who had previously been the only purchasers of dinner sets. The nineteenth century saw the skills of the advertiser come to the forefront, as ads began to mix images and words, and adopt the techniques of language and layout that we are familiar with today. With the proliferation of goods and services in this century, it became recognised that advertising was an important part of business, and should be dealt with by experts in the field.Most of the advertising agencies that dominate the global markets today were founded in the latter part of the nineteenth century. During the early part of the twentieth century, governments began to recognise the power of advertising to get their message across to their ‘consumers' (ie their ci tizens). This was particularly apparent during the First World War, when advertising was used to enlist soldiers and enforce government policies. (http://www. mediaknowall. com/gcse/advertising/advertising.Advertising in Nigeria Advertising in Nigeria could be said to have started officially with Rev. Henry Townsend's Newspaper called Iwe Iroyin in 1859. This particular newspaper carried advertisements on births and other social events. However, professional advertising is often said to have started in 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited. Derived from UAC, it was established to cater for the needs of the colonial masters in Nigeria and West Africa.This company later became an advertising agency in 1929 named Lintas with two other subsidiaries namely Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm. In the 1950's new advertising agencies emerged. The medium of advertising was in its infancy in those days Federal Government owned National Broadcasting Cor poration (NBC) where he only television stations that operated in the four regions of East, West, North and later Midwest. With the increase in practitioners, an agency regulatory body had to be formed to standardize their practices.A meeting of the agencies held at Ebute Metta, Lagos in 1971 was to metamorphose into Association of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) with the objective of protecting practitioners against unfavorable business. The association was later renamed Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN) . The need to establish an institution Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) by Decree 55 of 1988, later renamed Act 55 of 1988 by the civilian administration on November 1989, the first meeting of the association held somewhere in Ebute-meta, Lagos finally culminated to the birth of APCON.In the 1990's the sector came alive, it began to expand beyond advertising as full services public relation firms such as the Quadrant JSP and Quest were established. Also the era witnessed the mad rush of foreign affiliations. While some agencies sought this affiliation to help boost their human capital, others just joined the bandwagon just to feel among. Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) later emerged in 1928.Today, Nigerian advertising industry, is making efforts to ensure that they measured up to global industry practice. Affiliations also avails them of technical knowhow in the areas of creativity and training. The industry has grown to shooting their adverts locally and injecting a lot of local content in their campaigns the regulatory body of advertising, APCON, is living up to expectations by the measures put in place to sanitize the industry. Of note is professionalizing the practice to ensure that quacks are reduced if not flushed out completely.Again measures are adopted to ensure practitioners operate within set advertising standards. S ectional associations include Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON), Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (MIPAN), Advertisers Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), Newspapers proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN).OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAOutdoor advertising in Nigeria has its humble beginning rooted in colonial history. Advertising development in Nigeria could be traced to about 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited; a subsidiary of the United African Company (UAC). The company was set up to cater for the marketing activities of UAC in both Nigeria and other West African countries as at that time. The company was later to transform to a full-fledged advertising firm in 1929 and was named Lintas with two other subsidiaries, Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm.Then headed by expatriates, the companies were to enjoy a monopoly for a long time. It was not until 1950s when other advertising agencies started to emerge on the scene. Ogilvy, Benson and Martha (OBM) and Grant were later to join the fray to form the big three in the industry (Saleem et al. , 2010). In the 50s, other sizes of structures like 8 sheets, 1b sheet and few bulletin boards at Iddo were erected for such clients as Nigeria Tobacco company, Nigeria breweries and Langucy stores. The history of outdoor is the history of advertising in Nigeria.What has evolved into advertising practice today started formerly around 1928 with the establishment of a UAC subsidiary known as the West African Publicity, whose major activity was producing outdoor advertising for UK companies based in Nigeria. The business has since grown over the years to become a multibillion naira outfit (Tirmizi et al. , 2009). In 1957 all billboards on railway property was landed to MRS Freemont. Railways having set up an outdoor advertising department in 1956. In July 1958, Messrs J. W Mills, Chairman and Managing Director of Mills and Rockleys, a U. K based outdoor advertising company and Mr. G.C Campbell of Franco Signs Limited visited Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu with the writer for on-the-spot assessment of the of the country’s potentials. A year later Afromedia Nigeria limited was registered precisely on the 28th October, 1959. West Africa publicity which was the first outdoor changed its name to Lintas Nigeria limited with the new management staff in Afromedia limited Mr. D. M. Casey. Outdoor started in earnest and then the first 40 sheet was erected at the junction of Apapa road and denfor street with number LA 1 and a 16 sheet board was erected on the wall of 4 custom sheet corner of phoenix lane numbered LA2.The Manager called M. D. Redman brought in Afromedia in about 1961. Proper documentation of all billboards giving such details as date of erection, landlord’s name, address of billboards, annual payable to landlord or local government council and campaign in 1963. Mr. Kelly of Afromedia commission media research, which result gave credence to the posters medium in Nigeria in terms of coverage during the same period.Mr.  Kelly spear-headed the development of outdoor industry by bringing clients that patronized outdoor intensively together to form an associate with the outdoors companies Afromedia and Railways with name as Outdoors Advertising Contractors of Nigeria (OACAN). However, during this period, there were other outdoors companies, like Railway Advertisement Service, Nigeria Advertising Service (NAS), Wilmer Publicity Gilbertson Advertising Limited, Nigeria Commercial and Industries Enterprise Publicity Associates of Nigeria limited. The first posters printing in Nigeria was done in 1962, by Afromedia.The company was late sold to the Nigeria Management Staff in March, 1974 (BECAME INDIGENISED). During the period, new outdoors advertisement structures were introduced. Sheet unit in 1979, Jewel machine 1989, Timed in 1990, Rooftop in 1990, Directional Street Signs in 1990. UAC West Africa publicity limited set up in 1928, around 1959 it was splinted into two – Afromedia and Lintas. Outdoor Advertisement Contractor of Nigeria came into being in 1954 and the name was changed to Outdoor Adversting Association of Nigeria (OAAN) in 1986 to reflect both in outlook and practice.Outdoors is the oldest advertising medium in Nigeria, though the print media was few years ahead of outdoors. Outdoor advertising however has witnessed its challenges over the years and in what looked like the major steps to address the problem facing the outdoor sub-sector of the advertising industry, stakeholders in the industry, including government, practitioners and advertisers have identify areas of conflict between practitioners and regulatory agencies.Among other things, there is a reviewed that outdoor advertising practice and regulatory environment in the country and charted the way forward for a thriving and mutually rewarding outdoo r advertising industry. Despite the challenges faced by the sector, there are over 165 outdoor firms still existing in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria (Latif and Abideen, 2011). The first act of billboard demolition took place during the Raji Rasaki military regime. This action marked the beginning of billboard extermination in the country. In 2006, there was massive demolition of billboards in Abuja.The exercise was aimed at sanitising the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), but the resultant effect was the agony it caused some outdoor agencies, some even filed for bankruptcy. In 2007, Lagos State Signage and Advertising Agency (LASAA) went on a crusade against billboards in the state (Saleem et al. , 2010). Today, out of home (outdoor) advertising has gone beyond rusty poles signage in Nigeria. The major turnaround featured segmented scrolling billboards, unipoles, ultra waves, crossway billboards (gantries) backlit, Hexa signs and the latest of them is the light emitting diodes LED screen billboards.These evolutionary billboards designs are meant to make the outdoor advertising functions more effective, less stressful yet delivering value for money (Latif and Abideen, 2011). These latest electronically controlled billboards could be managed from the agencies office without any stress. Another advantage and a delight to clients is that it could also be monitored by the clients from their offices removing the hassle of going to spy on a billboards post for monitoring. Just like other digital innovations, this one also comes with accuracy, ease, speed and trend.This new technology provides aerial beautification (Saleem et al. , 2010). Outdoor advertising has its challenges. Among these challenges are conflicting regulations and multiple taxation, huge debts and demolition of their billboards. In the face of all these, the practitioners are undaunted because outdoor advertising business is still booming in Nigeria. Issues in Outdoor Advertisin g in Nigeria Clients Indebtedness Regulatory Issues Technological Issue Clients Indebtedness.Clients’ indebtedness remains one of the issues that has plagued the outdoor advertising industry in Nigeria, according to a report by Bernard Okhakume in the business column of the Nations newspaper on the 10th of February, 2013, â€Å"Consequent upon their (Outdoor Advertising Agents) debt burden, some of these service providers have closed shop. Over 70% of them today are so heavily indebted they cannot run their offices. At the close of business year 2012, some of them simply disengaged their staff and opted for one-man show pending when situation improves.The situation tends to be as a result of the fact that clients can simply take their wares to other practitioners after being indebted to one agency. However a strong association between practitioners can help to reduce this, In India, the Indian Outdoor Advertising Association is so strong; it clearly states its membership is well over 78% of outdoor corporate service providers in the country. For a country almost the size of a continent, such achievement is highly commendable. Its size enables the association so much power to establish and enforce practice rules, code and ethics.The members are sure to be protected against system abuse. It is not unlikely that clients do owe outdoor agencies in India, but for a scenario such as prevalent in our local market to play out there, is certainly not permissible (http://thenationonlineng. net/new/againoutdoor-advertising-clients-indebtedness/). Regulatory Issues Outdoor advertising regulation has a long-standing tradition of controversy (Charles R. Taylor and John c. Taylor, Journal of public policy& marketing (http://www. jstor. org/stable/30000175). The need to curb haphazard and chaotic outdoors practice in the country led to the emergence of Regulatory bodies.However Practitioners have continued to complain over this â€Å"Strangulation† as some refe rred to it. APCON chairman, Mr. Lolu Akinwumi, at the 2012 edition of the annual advertising forum organised by the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) under the theme, ‘Outdoor Advertising Regulation and Control in Nigeria’. said the out-of-home is a major component of advertising practice, which in recent years had suffered some decline, especially as a result of different regulatory regimes, resulting in high costs of operations for practitioners.However, observers have noted that the regulation of outdoor agencies by the government is not a one sided coin, â€Å"The effort to check the indiscriminate deployment of outdoor posters, banners, signs and billboards across the state is finally paying off, for example a drive through Lagos state will see an array of safely and beautifully positioned Boards, it’s almost as if you are in a Western Country†, said Omoba Segun Adewale of Proview Advertising agency.In Nigeria, following the establi shment of The Lagos State Signage and Advertisement Agency as established by the Lagos State Structures for Signage and Advertisement Agency Law, 2006 and the Amendment thereto a body that is responsible for regulating and controlling outdoor advertising and signage displays in Lagos State (http://www. lasaa. com/who-we-are/#sthash. bTsdXaKf. dpuf). Several states are beginning to establish state regulatory agencies to help manage an industry that either to as been a â€Å"free for all affair†.Technological Issue Practitioners in developed economies such as South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America (to mention a few), the challenging issues are not indebtedness and member business shut down due to clients’ indebtedness. Practitioners in those economies are now focused on innovative creativity. They are rather challenged by issues such as technological advancement in outdoor advertising practice, research and strategic planning and global innovativen ess (not begging to be paid for job done three years back).In Nigeria, aside from Lagos state that is always on its toes to keep up with modern technology in the field of outdoor advertising, practitioners are still battling with technology in Nigeria, some have attributed this to the cost of having technology especially when clients are not willing to pay the appropriate fee. Despite all the issues raised however, it is interesting to note that over 165 outdoor firms still existed in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria ( http://www. thisdaylive. com/articles/charting-the-future-of-outdoor-advertising/120264/).HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISINGHumans have been creating wall art since the time we lived in caves. What the wall art was used for, and at what point it crossed from artistic display to marketing for a business is an interesting question. During the time of the ancient Egyptians the government was using images carved into stones to post the laws and regulations of the land. This carving into stones may, in a way, have been the oldest form of outdoor advertising (Mick, 1986). The modern-day billboard advertising approach can trace its roots to lithography, which was an invention of the late 1790s.The genius of this invention is that it made it possible to mass produce as many posters and announcements as a business needed. There was one major limitation to the outdoor billboards being produced at the time, and that was the quality of the posters; they did not stand up when exposed to the elements for prolonged periods of time. The circuses were one of the first businesses to profit from this new form of mass marketing, and so outdoor advertising underwent a major innovation which brought us the modern billboard advertising that we know today.The earliest use of the billboard by the circuses dates back to 1835. Prior to the invention of lithography, billboard copy could only be produced on a very small scale which made it sig nificantly less effective as a marketing tool than it is today (Koc, 2002). The true test of a new product is how well it holds up after being introduced to the market for the first time. Several prominent forms of advertising have come into the advertising world and created whole new marketplaces without rendering the traditional outdoor billboard obsolete.It’s a true sign that traditional outdoor billboards are here to stay. Despite the rise of radio, television and internet advertising, the outdoor advertising industry remains stronger than ever. The modern-day billboard, like the outdoor advertising industry as a whole, are a testament to how simple, sturdy, and flexible marketing solutions can endure despite rapid innovation in marketing campaign strategies and emerging technologies (Bittlingmayer, 2008).REGULATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAAdvertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON), established by Act No. 93 of 1992 is the regulatory body of all adverti sing practitioners. However, Outdoor Advertising Agency Association of Nigeria (OAAN) was the regulatory body responsible for regulating outdoor advertising in Nigeria before the various State government took over with Lagos state pioneering this move with the establishment of LASAA. The pre-LASAA era saw Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria, OAAN, performing the dual roles of a regulator and a trade association.The OAAN era attracted more criticisms than accolades because of the unstructured environment and the manner in which operators went about business. It was an era when every tom, dick and harry could set up an outdoor advertising agency without due registration and process. In 2006 Lagos state set the pace with LASAA and other States followed in this line of action and introduced their state agencies to regulate and control the business.The states include Kano State, the state recruited the services of Chris Park Marketing Services (CPMS), Oyo State has the Oyo State S ignage and Advertisement Agency (OYSAA), in Ogun State, the Ogun State Signage and Advertising Agency (OGSAA) is doing the job while in Ekiti State, the Ekiti State Signage and Advertisement Agency (EKSAA) is responsible for the job in Rivers State its Rivers State Signage Agency while The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, gave the responsibility to Afromedia, others are Cross river state sign board and signage agency (CRISSA), Kwara State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KWASAA), Anambra State Signage and Advertisement Agency (ANSAA), Bauchi State Signage and Advertisement Management Agency (BASSAMA), Kano State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KASAA), Ondo State Signage and Advertisement Agency (OSSAA) and Rivers State Signage Agency amongst others. While States like Anambra and Akwa Ibom states are on the verge of setting up and/or leasing the business to consultants.Ogun State attempted to adopt LASAA’s style but could not due to political reasons. Ekiti State, the EKSA A never found its footing due to lack of political will.The state government’s collaborative effort with LASAA collapsed because some stakeholders in Ekiti felt it was an imported idea. Oyo State is currently enjoying smooth services as OYSAA sanitisation exercise got little or no resistance. However, the Director General of OYSAA, Yinka Adepoju, has lamented operators and brand owners cooperation on the area of levy and dues remittance, which, he claimed, is not encouraging. Kano State took an extreme measure in its effort to enforce the new rules when CPMS in conjunction with the state’s Urban Planning & Development Authority pulled down over N300 million worth of billboards and hoardings. The regulation and control activities in the state became the most draconian.The pricing of billboards in the state by CPMS is said to be outrageous despite the fact that Kano is not a commercially viable city for advertisers compared to the situation in Lagos State. While stakehol ders have applaud the state government’s initiative to beautify and modernize the city, they have also decried the excessive rate and undue grandstanding of the concessionaire. Investigations showed that members of Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) are groaning over their inability to pay the new rate while advertisers are reluctant to accommodate new prices as budgets had already been planned before the new price regime in the state.The FCT, Abuja, is the new entrant into the outdoor advertising business and the intent of the FCT Administration is clear. For it, it is all about revenue and it has concluded plans to raise the sum of N3 billion from outdoor advertisements annually to augment its Internally Generated Revenue (IGR). The FCT Minister, Senator Bala Abdulkadir Muhammed, made this disclosure in Abuja during an interactive session with outdoor advertisement stakeholders, where it announced Afromedia as the concessionaire to the project. The Minister r estated that the FCT Administration is working towards avoiding visual assault and pollution caused by random advertisements and signages on the streets and neighbourhood of the 8000 square kilometers of the Federal Capital Territory.The state regulatory agencies often been referred as interventionist-agencies have the statutory obligations of regulating the practice of outdoor advertising in the country and are expected to enhance the beauty of the environment, which will serve as a big plus to aesthetics. The agencies have ensured that the stakes are higher now, promoting healthy competition and has tremendously repositioned the outdoor advertising industry. The stakes are higher now, unlike in the past, what we have now as billboards can compete favorably with others anywhere in the world. Besides, the environment is saner and cleaner, which serves as a major attraction to investors.As good as it all seems to have been since 2006 for the state government regulators some new chall enge continue to emerge and pose itself as a problem, it’s the issue of the Police, Military and other FG establishments in the state practicing outdoor by default by putting up illegal outdoor signage’s. The question out there is are there unwritten laws that permits these set of institutions to regulate and control the signage industry or is there a bill underway that will enable them to FASCINATING FACTS FROM THE EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING INFORMATION ABOUT BILLBOARDS IN NIGERIA:Outdoor advertising is the oldest and most basic type of advertising.More people can view one particular billboard than AIT Television Station. The fact remains that the billboard must be located in a high traffic area.Billboards are viewed nearly 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by billions of different people.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read. Most other types of media cannot compare to this and that i s the fact. Reach Billboards in Lagos reaches 80% of all Lagos population.Television commercials (which ranks #1) reaches 85% of all Lagos population. Other type of Media.The average person must see a television commercial at least seven times before they actually remember viewing the commercial.Outdoor Advertising costs 80% less than television advertising, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio advertisements.Repetition is extremely helpful when you are trying to increase your product awareness, or when you simply want to get your message across to millions of people. This task can easily be accomplished with billboard campaigns.Outdoor advertising makes it extremely easy to target, or not to target, a specific market.Billboards are usually the final message we see right before we purchase an item. So why not direct everyone to your product? Driving Trends.People are spending more time in their vehicle than they do to read the paper and watch the news! For example, t he traffic in Lagos, Nigeria makes it possible for you to spend about six (6) hours on the road to work and back.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read.  · How do billboard rates compare to other types of advertising?Outdoor advertising has a lower cost per thousand (CPM) than any other type of advertising. Outdoor ads cost 80% less than television commercials, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio ads.Billboards have been rated higher than any other type of advertising for their ability to communicate ideas at the lowest possible prices.Outdoor advertising has a larger audience than any other type of advertising. Outdoor advertising is the only type of media that has constant exposure.No other type of advertising allows your message to be displayed 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Ads on billboards are free to consumers; you do not have to buy a magazine, cable television, or a newspaper to see your advertisement (http://victorariyibi. blogspot. com/2007_08_01_archive. html).Other facts about advertising:Advertising has existed as far back as 3000 BC!63% of consumers need to hear company claims 3-5 times before they actually believe it.You’re more likely to survive a plane crash than click a banner ad.The first newspaper ad was in 1650 to offer a reward for 12 stolen horses.The first professional advertising agency was launched in 1841 in Philly.Advertising first became an academic discipline in 1900 at Northwestern.Unilever & JWT first partnered in 1902, creating the longest relationship in advertising history.A baby formula brand was the first to sponsor a blimp (in 1902).The first ad agency to launch a product was JWT on behalf of P&G in 1911, for their product Crisco.  The first radio ad spot was offered in 1922: $100 for ten minutes  In 1929, Lucky Strike spent $12.3M on ads, the most in history to that point to promote just one product.à ‚  The first TV ad was for Bulova Clocks & reached 4000 TVs (http://blog. hubspot. com/the-history-of-advertising-war-for-consumer-attention-slideshare ).